~ Berberidaceae, Podophyllaceae
Habit and leaf form. Glaucous herbs. Plants succulent, or non-succulent. Perennial; with a basal aggregation of leaves; rhizomatous, or tuberous. Leaves alternate; `herbaceous', or fleshy; compound; pinnate, or bipinnate, or multiply compound (2-3 pinnate). Lamina pinnately veined. Leaves stipulate. Stipules intrapetiolar (on the petiole); caducous.
Leaf anatomy. Stomata present; anomocytic (at least in Leontice).
Lamina dorsiventral.
Stem anatomy. Secondary thickening absent. Vessel end-walls simple.
Reproductive type, pollination. Hermaphrodite. Floral nectaries present. Nectar secretion from the perianth (the corolla often nectariform). Entomophilous.
Inflorescence, floral, fruit and seed morphology. Flowers aggregated in `inflorescences'; in racemes (or compound racemes). The terminal inflorescence unit racemose. Inflorescences simply or compoundly racemose. Flowers more or less regular; 3 merous; cyclic; pentacyclic, or polycyclic. Free hypanthium absent. Hypogynous disk absent.
Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla; 9-15; 3-5 whorled; isomerous, or anisomerous. Calyx 3-9 (the inner members often petaloid); 1-3 whorled; polysepalous; imbricate. Corolla 6; 2 whorled; polypetalous (often nectariform); yellow.
Androecium 6; exclusively of fertile stamens (unless the nectariferous petals are interpreted as staminodes). Stamens 6; isomerous with the perianth; alternisepalous. Anthers dehiscing by londitudinal valves; extrorse. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. Pollen grains aperturate; 3 - aperturate; colpate.
Gynoecium ostensibly 1. Carpels reduced in number relative to the perianth. Gynoecium monomerous (or pseudomonomerous?); ostensibly of one carpel; superior. Carpel shortly stylate; apically stigmatic (the stigma small or plicate-dilated); 2-8 ovuled. Placentation basal. Ovules ascending; anatropous; bitegmic; pseudocrassinucellate. Outer integument contributing to the micropyle. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Endosperm formation nuclear.
Fruit bladdery, non-fleshy. The fruiting carpel dehiscent (or gaping above, or the walls evanescent), or indehiscent. Seeds endospermic; drupelike, large (often blue). Embryo straight.
Physiology, biochemistry. Cyanogenic. C3. C3 recorded in Leontice. Anatomy non-C4 type (Leontice).
Geography, cytology. Holarctic. Temperate. North temperate.
Taxonomy. Subclass Dicotyledonae; Crassinucelli. Dahlgren's Superorder Ranunculiflorae; Ranunculales. Cronquist's Subclass Magnoliidae; Ranunculales. Takhtajan's Subclass Ranunculidae; Ranunculanae; Ranunculales. Species 14. Genera 4; Leontice, Bongardia, Caulophyllum, Gymnospermium.
Illustrations. leont204.gif
