Pteridopytes of conservation significance in Australia

Introduction

The list of Endangered, Vulnerable and Extinct Australian ferns and fern allies have been extracted from the official ANZECC lists of threatened plants, from the Schedules to the Endangered Species Protection Act and from Briggs & Leigh (1996) Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. Notes and links to other resources have been added where appropriate.

The species in this list are considered to be of conservation significance at a national scale and reflects those species covered by national legislation. At state and regional levels, the number of taxa considered to be locally threatened or rare will obviously be much higher.

It is interesting to note that most if not all of the species in this list are from NE Queensland. Some are true local endemics, others are outliers of species that are common in neighbouring regions of Papuasia and the Pacific. A number categorized as 'Extinct' may have been recorded for Australia in error and never have been on the continent at all.

Species considered to be 'Rare' or 'Poorly Known' are also in conservation interest but are not covered by national legislation and have not been included at this stage.

Species of Conservation Significance

Family	Genus Species Author	States	ROTAP	ANZECC	ESP
Aspleniaceae	Asplenium hookerianum Colenso syn. Asplenium bulbiferum var. hookerianum (Colenso) Rodway	NSW Vic Tas	3VC-+		Vuln.
	Locality: New South Wales, Mt Kosciuszko. Victoria, Bryces Gorge, Snowy Range. Tasmania, Franklin River; Hellyer Gorge
	Notes: Very rare and known from only a few collections in Australia. Common in New Zealand where the species is more polymorphic
Aspleniaceae	Asplenium pellucidum Lam.	Qld	2VC-+	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Palmerston Valley.
	Notes: Known from a single collection. Also from Madagascar, India, SE Asia and Malesia.
Aspleniaceae	Asplenium wildii F.M.Bailey	Qld	2V	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Cairns and Daintree River. Endemic.
	Notes: Known only from three collections. Very close to and maybe not distinct from the widespread Asplenium unilaterale Lam.
Thelypteridaceae	Chingia australis Holttum	Qld	2EC-	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Russell and N Johnstome Rivers.
	Notes: Endemic. Three localities. Forms impressive stands but population probably fewer than 1000 individual plants (Bostock 1998).
Grammitidaceae	Ctenopteris blechnoides (Grev.) W.H.Wagner & Grether syn. Grammitis blechnoides Grev.; Polypodium blechnoides (Grev.) Hook.	Qld	2V+	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Leo Creek, near Coen.
	Notes: Known for a single collection. Common in Malesia, New Guinea, Polynesia.
Grammitidaceae	Ctenopteris walleri (Maiden & Betche) S.B.Andrews syn. Polypodium walleri Maiden & Betche	Qld	3V	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Mt Lewis; Mt Spurgeon; Tully Falls
	Notes: Endemic. Related to widespread SE Asian and Malesian Ctenopteris repandula (Mett.) C.Chr.
Cyatheaceae	Cyathea exilis Holttum	Qld	2E	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Cape York Peninsula.
	Notes: Endemic, known only from the type locality. Related to Cyathea macgillivrayi (Baker) Domin from New Guinea.
Athyriaceae (Woodsiaceae)	Diplazium cordifolium Blume syn. Asplenium cordifolium (Blume)Copel.	Qld	2V	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Babinda; Jordan Creek; Stoney Creek.
	Notes: Common and widespread in New Guinea, Malesia and SE Asia.
Athyriaceae (Woodsiaceae)	Diplazium pallidum (Blume) T.Moore syn. Asplenium pallidum Blume; Asplenium prenticei F.M. Bailey; Diplazium pallidum var. prenticei F.M. Bailey;	Qld	2VC-+	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Cairns, Herberton, Wooroonooran.
	Notes: Also occurs in Malesia.
Grammitidaceae	Grammitis reinwardtii Blume	Qld	2VC-+	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Mt Finnegan; Mt Lewis; Mt Spurgeon.
	Notes: Common in New Guinea, SE Asia, Malesia and Melanesia.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia carinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Trevis. syn. Lycopodium carinatum Desv. Ex Poir.	Qld	3EC-+	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, McIlwraith Range; Leo Creek near Coen; North Johnson; North Pap; Boonjie.
	Notes: Widespread from India to Polynesia.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia dalhousieanum (Spring) Trevis. syn. Lycopodium dalhousieanum Spring; Lycopodium clarae F.M.Bailey	Qld	3EC+	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Freshwater Creek, Leo Creek Rd.
	Notes: Also known from Indonesia and New Guinea.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia filiformis (Sw.) Holub syn. Lycopodium filiforme Sw.; Lycopodium polytrichoides Kaulf.	Qld	3EC-+	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Atherton Tablelands; Cairns.
	Notes: Also known from SE Asia to the Pacific.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia lockyeri (D.L.Jones & B.Gray) Holub syn. Lycopodium lockyeri D.L.Jones & B.Gray	Qld	3V	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, between Windsor Tableland and Lamb Range.
	Notes: Endemic.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia marsupiiformis (D.L.Jones & B.Gray) Holub syn. Lycopodium marsupiiforme D.L.Jones & B.Gray	Qld	3V	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, between Windsor Tableland and S or Tully River.
	Notes: Endemic.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia phlegmarioides (Gaudich.) Rothm. syn. Lycopodium phlegmarioides Gaudich.; Lycopodium tetrapterygium F.M.Bailey	Qld	3VC	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Qeensland, Johnson River; Cairns; Daintree River; Leo Creek; Wonga Beach.
	Notes: Indonesia to the Pacific. Common in New Guinea.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia prolifera (Blume) Trevis. syn. Lycopodium proliferum Blume	Qld	3VC-+	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Palmerston, near Tully; Mt Lewis.
	Notes: Widespread in southern Asia and Melanesia.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia squarrosa (G.Forst.) Trevis. syn. Lycopodium squarrosum G.Forst.	Qld	3EC-+	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Roots Creek; Mossman River; Mt Bellenden Ker.
	Notes: Common in New Guinea. Widespread from Africa through Asia, Malesia to the Pacific.
Lycopodiaceae	Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trevis. syn. Lycopodium serratum Thumb. Ex Murray	Qld	2XC?+	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Mt Bellenden Ker
	Notes: Widespread from Asia to the Pacific. Not uncommon in New Guinea. Authentic herbarium material of this species could not be located and its occurrence in Australia is considered doubtful (Chinnock 1998).
Hymenophyllaceae	Hymenophyllum lobbii T.Moore syn. Meringium lobbii (T.Moore) Copel.; Trichomanes serrulatum Baker	Qld	2XCi+	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Mt Bellenden Ker.
	Notes: Once recorded. Also known from Borneo.
Hymenophyllaceae	Hymenophyllum whitei Goy syn. Mecodium whitei (Goy) N.A.Wakef.	Qld	2RC-	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Thornton Peak.
	Notes: Endemic. Known only from the type locality.
Polypodiaceae	Lemmaphyllum accedens (Blume) Donk syn. Polypodium accedens Blume; Weatherbya accedens (Blume) Copel.	Qld	2X+	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Lake Eacham near Atherton.
	Notes: Once recorded. Also from Malesia to Polynesia. Very common in New Guinea.
Lindsaeaceae	Lindsaea pulchella (J.Smith) Kuhn var. blanda (Kuhn) Kramer syn. Lindsaea blanda Kuhn	Qld	2K+	Vuln.	Vuln.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Rockinghan, Bay Range.
	Notes: This variety is very Common in New Guinea. There are three other varieties, also in New Guinea.
Lycopodiaceae	Lycopodium volubile G.Forst.	Qld	2X+	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, locality unknown.
	Notes: Known from a single imprecisely localised collection. Common in New Guinea, and from Malesia to New Caledonia, , New Zealand and the Pacific.
Vittariaceae	Monogramma dareicarpa Hook.	Qld	2K+	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Mt Bellenden Ker.
	Notes: Specimens could not be found for this record, not with a search of the recorded locality (Bostock 1998). Not uncommon in New Guinea, also Philippines and Indonesia.
Thelypteridaceae	Plesioneuron tuberculatum (Ces.) Holttum syn. Nephrodium tuberculatum Ces.; Thelypteris tuberculata (Ces.)Ching	Qld	2EC-+	End.	End.
	Locality: NE Queensland, North Johnstone Rover; Babinda Creek, Russell River.
	Notes: Very rare in Australia. Also occurs in New Guinea.
Dryopteridaceae	Tectaria devexa (Kunze ex Mett.) Copel. var. devexa syn. Aspidium devexum Kunze ex Mett.; Aspidium intermedium Mett.	Qld	2E+	End.	End.
	Locality: Central Coast Queensland, Olsens Caves, N or Rockhampton.
	Notes: Known from one locality. Also from Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Malesia and Vanuatu.
Psilotaceae	Tmesipteris lanceolata P.A.Dang.	Qld	2K+	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Mt Bellenden Ker.
	Notes: Known from a single specimen, reputedly from Australia. Common in New Caledona and N New Zealand.
Hymenophyllaceae	Trichomanes exiguum (Bedd.) Baker syn. Hymenophyllum exiguum Bedd.; Didymoglossum exiguum (Bedd.) Copel.; Trichomanes paradoxum Domin	Qld	2XCi+	Ext.	Ext.
	Locality: NE Queensland, Bellenden Ker
	Notes: Known from a single collection. Also known from India through Thailand to the Malay Peninsula.

Pteridophytes of Conservation Interest

Taxon	Category, Reference
Adiantum capillus-veneris	V,4
Amphineuron immersum	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Amphineuron queenslandicum	K,4 ; K,8
Antrophyum plantagineum	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Antrophyum sp.1	K,4
Antrophyum subfalcatum	R,4 ; R,8
Asplenium aethiopicum	K,1 ; K,4 ; R,8 ; P4,29
Asplenium athertonense	R,8 ; R,25
Asplenium bicentenniale	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Asplenium excisum	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Asplenium hookerianum	V,1 ; V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8 ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41
Asplenium macilwraithense	K,8
Asplenium normale	K,4 ; R,8
Asplenium obtusatum	V,4 ; V,13 ; VU,29 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; No Code,41
Asplenium pellucidum	V,1 ; V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8 ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,25 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41
Asplenium sp.1	R,4
Asplenium sp.2	K,4
Asplenium tenerumoides	K,8
Asplenium unilaterale	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Asplenium wildii	V,1 ; V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8 ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,25 ; V,39 ; ,40 ; V,41
Blechnum gregsonii	R,4 ; R,8
Cheilanthes nudiuscula	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Cheilanthes sp.1	K,4
Chingia australis	K,4 ; E,8 ; E,13 ; E,14 ; E,25 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41 ; EN,43
Crepidomanes aphlebioides	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Crepidomanes digitatum	K,1 ; K,4 ; R,8
Crepidomanes endlicherianum	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Crepidomanes majoriae	R,4 ; R,8
Culcita villosa	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Cyathea baileyana	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Cyathea celebica	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Cyathea cunninghamii	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; V,28
Cyathea exilis	V,1 ; E,4 ; E,7 ; E,8 ; E,9 ; E,12 ; E,13 ; E,14 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41 ; EN,43
Cyathea felina	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Diplopterygium longissimum	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Dipteris conjugata	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Doodia maxima	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Doryopteris ludens	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Drynaria x dumicola	V,25 ; VU,44
Dryopteris sparsa	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Elaphoglossum callifolium	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Gleichenia abscida	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Huperzia carinata	V,1; E,4 ; E,7 ; E,8 ; E,9 ; E,12 ; E,13 ; E,14 ; E,25 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41 ; EN,43
Huperzia dalhousieana	E,1 ; E,4 ; E,7 ; E,9 ; E,12 ; E,13 ; E,14 ; E,25 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41 ; EN,43
Huperzia filiformis	E,4 ; E,7 ; E,8 ; E,9 ; E,12 ; E,13 ; E,14s ; E,25 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41s ; EN,43
Huperzia lockyeri	V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8 ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,25 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41
Huperzia marsupiiformis	V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8 ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,25 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41
Huperzia phlegmaria	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Huperzia phlegmarioides	R,1 ; R,4 ; V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8s ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,25 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41
Huperzia prolifera	R,1 ; R,4 ; V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8 ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,25 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41
Huperzia serrata	X,4 ; X,7 ; X,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,25 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Huperzia squarrosa	V,1 ; E,4 ; E,7 ; E,8 ; E,9 ; E,12 ; E,13 ; E,14 ; E,25 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41 ; EN,43
Hymenophyllum eboracense	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Hymenophyllum exiguum	X,4 ; X,7 ; X,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,25 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Hymenophyllum gracilescens	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Hymenophyllum kerianum	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Hymenophyllum lobbii	X,4 ; X,7 ; X,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,25 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Hymenophyllum pumilum	R,4 ; R,8
Hymenophyllum whitei	R,1 ; X,4 ; R,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Hypolepis elegans	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Isoetes brevicula	K,4 ; K,8 ; P3,29
Isoetes elatior	R,8
Isoetes humilior	R,8
Lastreopsis grayi	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Lastreopsis silvestris	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Lastreopsis tinarooensis	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Lastreopsis walleri	V,1 ; V,4 ; V,7 ; V,8 ; V,9 ; V,12 ; V,13 ; V,14 ; V,25 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41
Lecanopteris sinuosa	K,4 ; K,8
Lemmaphyllum accedens	X,4 ; X,7 ; X,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,25 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Leptopteris fraseri	R,1 ; R,4
Lindsaea pulchella	V,1 ; V,4 ; V,7 ; V,9 ; V,12
Lindsaea pulchella var. blanda	V,13 ; V,14 ; X,25 ; V,39 ; V,40 ; V,41 ; EW,43
Lindsaea terrae-reginae	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Lindsaea trichomanoides	R,8
Lindsaea walkerae	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Lycopodiella limosa	R,8
Lycopodiella serpentina	K,1 ; K,4
Lycopodiella sp. "cape york" (b.gray 1511)	R,4
Lycopodium volubile	X,4 ; X,7 ; X,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,25 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Marsilea paradoxa	K,4 ; K,8
Microsorum membranifolium	R,4 ; R,8
Monogramma dareicarpa	X,4 ; K,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,25 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Nephrolepis arida	K,8
Nephrolepis obliterata	K,1 ; K,4
Oenotrichia dissecta	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Ophioglossum lineare	R,8
Plesioneuron tuberculatum	K,4 ; E,8 ; E,13 ; E,14 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41 ; EN,43
Pleuromanes pallidum	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Pneumatopteris costata	K,1 ; K,4 ; R,8
Pneumatopteris pennigera	R,1 ; R,4 ; V,8 ; R,25 ; V,27 ; FFG,28
Revwattsia fragile	R,1 ; R,4 ; K,8
Sphaerocionium lyallii	R,4 ; R,8
Sphaerostephanos invisus	K,8
Steenisioblechnum acuminatum	R,4 ; R,8 ; R,25
Sticherus milnei	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8
Tectaria devexa	K,1 ; E,4 ; E,7 ; E,8 ; E,9 ; E,12 ; E,13 ; E,14 ; E,39 ; E,40 ; E,41 ; CR,43
Tectaria siifolia	R,1 ; R,4 ; K,8
Thelypteris confluens	K,1 ; K,4 ; K,8
Tmesipteris elongata	R,1 ; R,4
Tmesipteris lanceolata	X,4 ; K,8 ; X,13 ; X,14 ; X,25 ; X,39 ; X,40 ; X,41
Trichomanes mindorense	R,1 ; R,4 ; R,8

1	Briggs J.D. and Leigh J.H., 1991, CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra.
4	Endangered Species Unit, ANPWS, 1992
6	Endangered Vertebrate Fauna, 1991, ANZECC, Endangered Fauna Network.
7	Threatened Australian Flora, 1993, ANZECC, Endangered Flora Network.
8	Briggs J.D., CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra.
9	Endangered Species Unit, ANPWS, 1995.
12	Environment Australia, Biodiversity Group - ESP Act - Schedule 1 - May 1996
13	Environment Australia, Biodiversity Group - ESP Act - Schedule 1 - April 1998 (updated 8 July 1998)
14	Threatened Australian Flora, May 1999, ANZECC
20	Australian Capital Territory: NTFD Status
23	New South Wales: NTFD Status
25	Queensland: NTFD Status
26	South Australia: NTFD Status
27	Tasmania: NTFD Status
28	Victoria: NTFD Status
29	Western Australia: NTFD Status
30	Northern Territory: NTFD Status
39	Endangered Species Protection Act 1992: Flora 1997
40	Threatened Australian Flora, 1997, ANZECC
41	Threatened Australian Flora, 1998, ANZECC
42	IUCN 1988
43	IUCN 1998
44	IUCN 1999
45	IUCN Modified 1998
46	IUCN Modified 1999
93	Threatened Australian Flora, ANZECC - proposed changes to May 1999 list

Definitions

The following categories are used in the Schedules to the Endangered Species Protection Act and in the ANZECC lists of threatened flora:

Endangered

A species is Endangered if:

it is likely to become Extinct unless the circumstances and factors threatening its abundance, survival or evolutionary development cease to operate; or
its numbers have been reduced to such a critical level, or its habitats have been so drastically reduced, that it is in immediate danger of Extinction; or
it might already be Extinct, but is not presumed Extinct.

In addition, a species may be regarded as Endangered if at any stage of its biological development it is difficult to visually differentiate it from an Endangered species.

Vulnerable

A species is Vulnerable at a particular time if:

within the next 25 years, the species is likely to become Endangered unless the circumstances and factors threatening its abundance, survival or evolutionary development cease to operate.

In addition, a species may be regarded as Vulnerable if at any stage of its biological development it is difficult to visually differentiate it from a Vulnerable. species.

Presumed Extinct

A species is presumed Extinct at a particular time if:

it has not been definitely located in nature during the preceding 50 years; or
it has not been definitely located in nature during the preceding 10 years despite thorough searching during the period.

ROTAP Codes

The 'ROTAP Codes' are those given in Briggs & Leigh (1996) Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. There are an aggregate code giving the Distribution Category (1, 2 or 3), the Conservation Status (X, E, V, R, or K, with or without C) and and indication of the Size Class or Reserved Populations (a, i, t, -, or +):

1	Known from one collection only.
2	Geographic range in Australia less than 100 km.
3	Geographic range in Australia greater than 100 km.
X	Presumed extinct. Comparable to ANZECC and ESP categories.
E	Endangered. Comparable to ANZECC and ESP categories.
V	Vulnerable. Comparable to ANZECC and ESP categories.
R	Rare.
K	Poorly known.

C	Reserved. At least one population in National Park or other proclaimed reserve(s).
a	1000 plants or more are known to occur within a conservation reserve(s).
i	Less than 1000 plants are know to occur within a conservation reserve(s).
-	Reserved population size is not adequatey known.
t	Total known population is reserved.
+	Taxon has a natural occurrence overseas.

Other Resources

Threatened Species and Ecolgical Communities Section, of Environment Australia

Schedules to the Endangered Species Protection Act

ANZECC lists of threatened flora

Ausralian Network for Plant conservation

References

Braggins, J. 1996. Report on the conservation status of Norfolk Island ferns. Unpublished report prepared for the Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Norfolk Island. Auckland Uniservices Ltd, New Zealand.

Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. 1996. Rare or threateaned Australian plants. CSIRO Publishing, Australia.

Given, D.R. 1993. Changing aspects of endemism and endangerment in pteridophyta. J. Biogeog. 20: 293 - 302.

Given & Jermy, A.C. 1985. Conservation of pteridophytes: a postscript. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 86B: 435 - 437.

Gomez-P., L.D. 1985. Conservation of pteridophytes. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 86B: 431 - 433.

Jermy, A.C. 1990. Conservation of Pteridophytes. In Kramer, K.U & Green, P.S. (eds.) The families and genera of vascular plants 1: 11. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Mickel, J.T.. 1977. Rare and endangered pteridophytes in the New World and their prospects for the future. In Prance, G.T. & Elias, T.S. (eds.) Extinction is forever. 232 - 230. New York Botanical Garden.

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Updated November 1999 by Jim Croft ( jim.croft@environment.gov.au )