1

Thallus growing on rock, bark, wood, soil or bryophytes

2

1:

Thallus growing on fern fronds, or on the leaves of shrubs or trees

179

2(1)

Primary photobiont blue-green; ascospores hyaline

3

2:

Primary photobiont green; cyanobiont lacking or segregated in cephalodia; ascospores hyaline or brown

11

3(2)

Ascospores simple

4

3:

Ascospores transversely septate to muriform

9

4(3)

Asci with 16–24 ascospores; thallus minutely filamentous, dark olive-green to blackish, tufted to areolate; cyanobiont Scytonema; filaments 1–2 mm long, 30–60 µm wide; apothecia to 0.4 mm diam.; disc plane, dark brown to black; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple absent; paraphyses anastomosing; asci cylindrical to clavate; ascospores ellipsoidal to subglobose, 7–12 × 5–8 µm; chemistry: nil

Zahlbrucknerella calcarea

4:

Asci with 8 ascospores

5

5(4:)

Cyanobiont single-celled or colonial, Chroococcidiopsis or Gloeocapsa; thallus crustose to minutely squamulose, blackish, gelatinous when wet; cortex poorly developed, paraplectenchymatous; ascomata perithecioid apothecia; disc pore-like to urceolate, red-brown to blackish; thalline margin prominent; proper exciple poorly developed to almost absent; hymenium amyloid to hemiamyloid, hamathecium of simple to sparingly branched paraphyses; asci unitunicate, with an amyloid tholus; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Pyrenopsis

5:

Cyanobiont trichal, Nostoc, Scytonema or Stigonema

6

6(5:)

Thallus dwarf-fruticose to fruticose; cyanobiont Scytonema or Stigonema

7

6:

Thallus small-foliose to subcrustose; cyanobiont Nostoc

8

7(6)

Thallus blue-green to violet-brown, dichotomously branched, corticate; cyanobiont Scytonema; apothecia lateral, sessile, to 1.5 mm diam.; disc red-brown; proper exciple paler; thalline margin lacking; paraphyses thick, branched; ascospores ellipsoidal, 9–13 × 5.5–7 µm

Polychidium contortum

7

Thallus blackish; branches µterete, to 4 mm long, to 50 µm wide, comprising filaments of Stigonema surrounded by a network of hyphae, ecorticate; apothecia lateral, sessile, to 1 mm diam.; thalline margin lacking; disc convex; paraphyses thick, branched; ascospores ellipsoidal, 7–9 × 2.5–3.5 µm

Spilonema paradoxum

8(6:)

Apothecia with a thalline margin

Pannaria s. lat.

8:

Apothecia lacking a thalline margin

Parmeliella

9(3:)

Cyanobiont Scytonema or Stigonema; thallus crustose, often with a prominent blackish prothallus; ascospores 2–7-septate; proper exciple dark-pigmented; epihymenium greenish to brown-violet; hypothecium brownish; asci with amyloid tube structures, of Peltigera-type; conidia bacilliform to bifusiform; chemistry: nil

Placynthium

9:

Cyanobiont Nostoc

10

10(9:)

Apothecia zeorine; ascospores transversely septate to muriform; thallus small-foliose to foliose

Leptogium

10:

Apothecia biatorine, frequently coalescing; ascospores 1-septate, fusiform, 17–22 × 6–8 µm; thallus small-fruticose

Wawea fruticulosa

11(2:)

Photobiont chlorococcoid

12

11:

Photobiont trentepohlioid

150

12(11)

Ascospores brown

13

12:

Ascospores hyaline

29

13(12)

Ascospores muriform

14

13:

Ascospores simple or with transverse septa only

17

14(13)

Hymenium and asci non-amyloid; paraphyses simple and lax

15

14:

Hymenium and asci amyloid; paraphyses µbranched and anastomosing

16

15(14)

Asci 2-spored; proper exciple replaced by pigmented degenerated hymenium; thallus areolate, ochraceous, covered by an epinecral layer; ascomata lecideine apothecia; disc open to urceolate, brown to blackish; asci unitunicate; ascospores broadly ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil

Ingvariella bispora

15:

Asci 4–8-spored; proper exciple paraplectenchymatous; thallus rimose to areolate, whitish grey, greenish grey or dark grey, covered by an epinecral layer; ascomata perithecioid, with urceolate discs or wide open and lecanorine; disc brown to blackish; asci unitunicate; ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides and ß-orcinol depsidones

Diploschistes

16(14:)

Asci lacking a tholus; paraphyses simple to sparingly reticulate, with distinct pigmented caps; thallus verrucose or indistinct; apothecia dark brown to blackish; proper exciple brownish, paraplectenchymatous; epihymenium brownish; hypothecium yellowish to brown; asci 1-spored, of Lopadium-type; ascospores hyaline to brown, muriform, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: atranorin

Lopadium

16:

Asci with a tholus; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing, without pigmented caps; thallus areolate, greenish yellow to yellow-green, white, grey, brown or rusty red, usually with a black prothallus; apothecia black, between or in areoles; proper exciple brownish with paler inner part; epihymenium brown or green, often containing anthraquinones (K+ red); hypothecium yellowish to dark brown; asci 1–8-spored, of Rhizocarpon-type; ascospores hyaline to brown, 1-septate to muriform, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, usually halonate; conidia bacilliform to acicular; chemistry: aliphatic substances, orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, pulvinic acid derivatives

Rhizocarpon

17(13:)

Ascus tholus faintly amyloid; paraphyses simple to sparingly or richly branched and anastomosing; ascospores halonate or non-halonate

18

17:

Ascus tholus strongly amyloid; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, not anastomosing; ascospores non-halonate

19

18(17)

Ascospores simple, with internal ring-like wall thickening which may resemble a septum, hyaline to brown; thallus areolate with a blackish prothallus; apothecia black, epruinose; proper exciple dark brown; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and anastomosing; asci weakly amyloid; apex surrounded by diffuse amyloid gel; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Orphniospora moriopsis

18:

Ascospores with transverse septa [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

19(17:)

Ascospore walls thin to evenly thickened

20

19:

Ascospore walls thick, multilayered

22

20(19)

Ascospore walls thin; thallus rimose; apothecia sessile, with blackish discs; thalline margin absent; true margin blackish; epihymenium brown to dark brown; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses sparingly branched and thickened apically, asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores 1-septate, ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

Rinodinella halophila

20:

Ascospore walls evenly thickened

21

21(20:)

Conidia filiform; thallus rimose to subsquamulose, whitish, grey or brown; apothecia sessile; thalline margin present or absent; proper exciple inconspicuous and hyaline to well-developed and blackish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium dark brown to yellowish; paraphyses branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores 1-septate, ellipsoidal; chemistry: ß-orcinol depsidones or nil

Amandinea

21:

Conidia bacilliform; thallus rimose, areolate or placodioid, whitish, grey, brown or yellowish; apothecia sessile or immersed (cryptolecanorine), blackish; thalline margin prominent, thick or thin, absent when immersed; proper exciple inconspicuous and hyaline to well-developed and blackish; epihymenium brown to olive-green; hypothecium dark brown to yellowish; paraphyses branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type; ascospores 1-septate to submuriform, ellipsoidal to fusiform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones, xanthones. [Throughout Australia ; corticolous, saxicolous and terricolous; c. 66/c. 400 spp.; cosmopolitan

Buellia s. lat.

22(19:)

Thallus small-foliose, effigurate or placodioid, sometimes minutely so (use hand lens!)

23

22:

Thallus crustose, not effigurate

26

23(22)

Apothecia lecideine

24

23:

Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine

25

24(23)

Thallus terricolous, indistinctly placodioid, whitish grey; ascospore walls uniformly thin

Buellia s. lat.

24:

Thallus saxicolous, distinctly placodioid to small-foliose, whitish grey to grey; ascospore walls unevenly thickened; ascomata brown to blackish, with thick blackish margins; disc red-brown to blackish; paraphyses simple, capitate; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones, diphenylether, bis-xanthones

Diploicia

25(23:)

Thallus crustose, effigurate; ascospore walls uniformly thin to slightly thickened; hypothecium hyaline to dark; apothecia lecanorine to biatorine or lecideine (but cryptolecanorine when young); disc dark brown to blackish; paraphyses simple, capitate; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, usnic acid, xanthones

Dimelaena

25:

Thallus subcrustose to small-foliose, lobed, at least at the margin; ascospore walls unevenly thickened; hypothecium pale to dark brown; thallus whitish to pale grey, with or without soralia; lower surface dark brown, with rhizines; apothecia lecanorine; disc reddish brown, frequently white- or purple-pruinose; paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, terpenes, xanthones

Dirinaria

26(22:)

Ascospore walls uniformly thickened

27

26:

Ascospores walls unevenly thickened

28

27(26)

Conidia filiform [see 21]

Amandinea

27:

Conidia bacilliform [see 21:]

Buellia s. lat.

28(26:)

Ascospores of Callispora-type; apothecia lecideine; thallus thin, grey or brown; proper exciple brownish-pigmented; epihymenium brown to blackish; hypothecium dark brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores acutely ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, depsidones

Hafellia

28:

Ascospores of other types; apothecia lecanorine to lecideine; thallus grey or brown; proper exciple hyaline to brownish-pigmented; epihymenium brown to blackish; hypothecium hyaline or brown to blackish; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically, thickened apically; asci of Lecanora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, depsidones

Rinodina

29(12:)

Asci with 16 or more ascospores30

30

29:

Asci with 1–8 (–16) ascospores

39

30(29)

Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine

31

30:

Apothecia biatorine or lecideine

34

31(30)

Asci with 16–32 ascospores

32

31:

Asci with at least 50, but usually more than 100 ascospores

33

32(31)

Thallus yellowish, containing pulvinic acid derivatives; apothecia yellowish; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple indistinct; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellow-brown, granular; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Lecanora-type; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform

Candelariella

32:

Thallus brown, glossy, containing unidentified substances; apothecia brownish; proper exciple indistinct; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Lecanora-type; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform

Maronina australiensis

33(31:)

Apothecia lecanorine, sessile, dark brown to blackish; thallus corticolous, thin, continuous to rimose, green-grey to brownish; thalline margin of apothecia well-developed, 25–100 µm thick; proper exciple poorly developed; paraphyses sparingly branched and thickened apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Maronea constans

33:

Apothecia cryptolecanorine, immersed, hyaline or grey; thallus saxicolous or terricolous, areolate to subsquamulose, yellow or brown to grey; thalline margin of apothecia indistinct; proper exciple absent; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, commonly moniliform; asci non-amyloid; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia globose to ellipsoidal; chemistry: orcinol depsides, ß-orcinol depsidones, pulvinic acid derivatives

Acarospora

34(30:)

Apothecia biatorine

35

34:

Apothecia lecideine

36

35(34)

Apothecia lacking crystals, K–; thallus thin; apothecia pale pinkish or pale reddish brown, sessile; proper exciple hyaline, paraplectenchymatous; epihymenium yellowish to red-brown; hypothecium yellowish; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci of different types; ascospores globose to bacilliform; conidia unknown; chemistry: unknown

"Biatorella"

35:

Apothecia covered with orange to red crystals or whitish, K+ purple or K–; thallus thin; apothecia sessile; proper exciple with radiating paraplectenchymatous hyphae; epihymenium brown to red-brown, interspersed with crystals; hypothecium pigmented; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci with an amyloid tholus, relatively thick-walled; ascospores globose; conidia globose to broadly ellipsoidal; chemistry: anthraquinones and unknown substances

Piccolia

36(34:)

Apothecia immersed; thallus grey to brown, glossy, areolate; prothallus distinct, blackish; proper exciple brownish black or µabsent; epihymenium brown to olive-brown; hypothecium brown; paraphyses simple, branched apically; asci of Catillaria-type; ascospores globose to ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: orcinol depsides

Sporastatia

36:

Apothecia sessile; thallus not glossy, not areolate

37

37(36:)

Apothecial disc umbonate, often becoming gyrose; hamathecium of richly branched and anastomosing paraphyses; thallus thin; apothecia black; proper exciple carbonised at margin; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; asci similar to Aspicilia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Polysporina

37:

Apothecial disc not umbonate or gyrose; hamathecium of simple paraphyses

38

38(37:)

Apothecial disc plane, often pruinose; thallus thin; apothecia black; proper exciple carbonised at margin; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; asci similar to Aspicilia-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Sarcogyne

38:

Apothecial disc becoming strongly convex, epruinose; thallus thin, scurfy, membranous or leprose; apothecia red-brown to black; proper exciple rudimentary to well-developed and cupular, not carbonised; asci Aphanopsis-type; ascospores subglobose to globose; conidia ellipsoidal or not seen; chemistry: nil

Steinia

39(29:)

Ascospores with 1 or more transverse septa, or polarilocular, or muriform

40

39:

Ascospores simple

82

40(39)

Ascospores polarilocular, with 2 or more locules

41

40:

Ascospores transversely septate to muriform; ascospore wall thin or thickened

43

41(40)

Epihymenium K–, lacking anthraquinones; ascospores with 2 locules; thallus crustose, grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish; apothecia sessile; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous, hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Megaloblastenia

41:

Epihymenium K+ violet, containing anthraquinones; ascospores with 2 or more locules

42

42 (41:)

Ascospores with 2 (1 sp. with 3) locules; asci of Teloschistes-type, 8-spored; thallus crustose to placodioid, yellow-orange, whitish, grey or black, K– or K+ violet; apothecia yellow to red, brown or black; thalline margin and proper exciple present or absent; epihymenium usually interspersed with crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to branched and thickened apically; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones, usnic acid and unknowns

Caloplaca

42:

Ascospores with more than 2 locules; asci of Letrouitia-type, 2–8-spored; thallus greenish, olive or yellowish orange, K– or K+ violet; apothecia biatorine, orange to red; epihymenium yellowish brown, interspersed with crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to branched apically; ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: anthraquinones

Letrouitia

43(40:)

Ascospores with 1 septum

44

43:

Ascospores with more than 1 septum

58

44(43)

Hymenial gel non-amyloid; paraphyses simple; thallus effuse, gelatinous when moist; apothecia with urceolate discs, whitish to pale yellow, c. 0.2 mm diam.; proper exciple pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to yellowish; asci cylindrical, thin-walled but with a distinct tholus, 8-spored; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia unknown; chemistry: nil

Absconditella delutula

44:

Hymenial gel amyloid; paraphyses simple or branched

45

45(44:)

Apothecia lecanorine or cryptolecanorine

46

45:

Apothecia biatorine or lecideine or lacking a margin

48

46(45)

Thallus squamulose; asci of Catillaria-type; ascospores non-halonate; apothecia sessile; thalline margin present or becoming excluded; proper exciple pseudoparenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to brown; epihymenium brown; paraphyses simple, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides, depsidones and unknowns

Solenopsora

46:

Thallus crustose; asci of different types; ascospores halonate or non-halonate

47

47(46:)

Ascospores halonate; asci of Catillaria-type; apothecia sessile to subimmersed; thalline margin present or µabsent; proper exciple thin; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium red-brown; paraphyses sparingly branched, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, triterpenoids

Halecania australis

47:

Ascospores non-halonate; asci of Bacidia-type; apothecia sessile; thalline margin present; proper exciple thin, prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched, capitate; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsides

Lecania

48(45:)

Apothecia lacking a margin

49

48:

Apothecia with a proper exciple, at least when young

50

49(48)

Asci thick-walled, amyloid except for apical pore; hymenial gel lacking; thallus goniocystal; apothecia roundish to irregular; no distinct hypothecium or epihymenium formed; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores simple to transversely septate; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Vezdaea

49:

Asci with a distinct tholus, amyloid, with amyloid ring structure in tholus; hymenial gel present; thallus effuse (some species goniocystal); apothecia roundish, sessile; hypothecium hyaline or pigmented; epihymenium variously coloured; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; ascospores simple to transversely septate; conidia of different shapes; chemistry: benzyl esters, depsides, depsidones, diphenyl ethers, xanthones

Micarea

50(48:)

Ascospores halonate; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; growing on siliceous rocks [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

50:

Ascospores non-halonate; paraphyses simple or branched; growing on various substrata

51

51(50:)

Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; ascospores relatively thick-walled, 30–165 µm long; thallus grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish, sessile; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous, hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline to brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Megalospora-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Megalospora

51:

Hymenium clear; ascospores thin-walled

52

52(51:)

Apothecia yellowish to pale orange-brown

53

52:

Apothecia red-brown to dark brown or blackish

54

53(52)

Asci of Bacidia-type; apothecia biatorine or zeorine, sessile; proper exciple well-developed, of radiating hyphae, containing small crystals; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple or sparingly branched; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal to bacilliform, 1 (–3)-septate; conidia ellipsoidal; chemistry: aliphatic compounds, depsides, depsidones, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Cliostomum

53:

Asci of Fellhanera-type; apothecia biatorine, sessile; proper exciple paraplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to brown; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascospores narrowly ellipsoidal to bacilliform, 1-septate to multiseptate; conidia bottle-shaped; chemistry: triterpenoids, usnic acid

Fellhanera

54(52:)

Asci of Catillaria- or Lecanora-type

55

54:

Asci of Bacidia-type

56

55(54)

Asci of Catillaria-type; paraphyses with distinct external pigment caps; ascospores <20 µm long; thallus immersed to areolate, greyish to blackish; apothecia sessile; proper exciple persistent, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown, ascospores thin-walled; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Catillaria

55:

Asci of Lecanora-type; paraphyses lacking distinct external pigment caps; ascospores >20 µm long; thallus immersed to effuse, greyish; apothecia biatorine, sessile; proper exciple persistent, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown; ascospores thick-walled; conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform; chemistry: nil

Megalaria

56(54:)

Photobiont a species of Trentepohlia; ascospores halonate; conidia bacilliform

Catinaria

56:

Photobiont a species of Trebouxia; ascospores non-halonate; conidia ellipsoidal or filiform

57

57(56:)

Paraphyses sparingly branched, thickened apically, usually with pigmented caps; conidia filiform; thallus crustose to squamulose, grey, whitish, greenish or brownish, thin to thick; apothecia biatorine, black, often pruinose; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to dark brown; epihymenium grey, green or brown; ascospores 1–9-septate, ellipsoidal to acicular; chemistry: unknowns

Toninia

57:

Paraphyses richly branched, not thickened apically, lacking pigmented caps; conidia ellipsoidal; thallus crustose, whitish, rather thick; apothecia biatorine, black, epruinose; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown; epihymenium dark brown; ascospores simple or 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoidal; chemistry: depsides and depsidones

Tylothallia pahiensis

58(43:)

Ascospores muriform

59

58:

Ascospores with transverse septa only

65

59(58)

Hymenial gel and asci non-amyloid (or asci faintly amyloid)

60

59:

Hymenial gel and asci amyloid or hemiamyloid

61

60(59)

Paraphyses simple; asci 1–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse; hyphophores absent; apothecia biatorine or zeorine, brown; proper exciple of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Gyalidea

60:

Paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; asci 2–8-spored; thallus thin, effuse, often with hyphophores; apothecia biatorine, brown to blackish; proper exciple of anastomosing hyphae; hypothecium hyaline; ascospores ellipsoidal; chemistry: nil

Gyalideopsis

61(59:)

Epihymenium K+ violet; apothecia containing anthraquinones

62

61:

Epihymenium K–; apothecia lacking anthraquinones

63

62(61)

Thallus whitish or grey, lacking anthraquinone; asci 1 (–2)-spored; apothecia sessile with a thick proper exciple, of radiating hyphae; hypothecium hyaline to brown; paraphyses branched apically; asci clavate-cylindrical, thick-walled with a distinct amyloid tholus; conidia bacilliform to subfusiform; chemistry: anthraquinones, depsides, triterpenoids, usnic acid

Brigantiaea

62:

Thallus yellowish, containing anthraquinones, K– or K+ violet; asci 2–8-spored [see 42:]

Letrouitia

63(61:)

Ascospores halonate [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

63:

Ascospores non-halonate

64

64(63:)

Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses lacking pigmented caps; thallus grey; apothecia biatorine, brownish, with blackish margins, sessile; proper exciple hyaline to brownish; epihymenium brown; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Fuscidea-type; ascospores ellipsoidal; conidia bacilliform; chemistry: depsidones, triterpenoids

Austroblastenia pupa

64:

Hymenium clear; paraphyses with pigmented caps [see 16]

Lopadium

65(58:)

Hymenial gel non-amyloid

66

65:

Hymenial gel amyloid

70

66(65)

Thallus citrine yellow to bright yellow; juvenile phase sometimes parasitic on other lichens

67

66:

Thallus whitish grey, brown or almost lacking, parasitic or free-living

68

67(66)

Thallus areolate, terricolous; juvenile thalli sometimes parasitic on Baeomyces spp.; apothecia blackish, sessile or between areoles, urceolate to plane; proper exciple of lax hyphae; pseudoparaphyses branched and anastomosing; hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, bitunicate; ascospores cylindrical to acicular, 7–12-septate; chemistry: pulvinic acid derivatives

Arthrorhaphis

67:

Thallus leprose, corticolous or saxicolous, not parasitic; apothecia very rare, yellowish; apothecial margin thin, soon becoming excluded; proper exciple poorly developed, hyaline; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; asci broadly clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate; ascospores obovoid to ellipsoidal, hyaline, 3-septate; chemistry: pulvinic acid derivatives

Chrysothrix candelaris

68(66:)

Thallus parasitic on Baeomyces spp. [see 67]

Arthrorhaphis

68:

Thallus not parasitic

69

69(68:)

Paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing [see 60:]

Gyalideopsis

69:

Paraphyses simple [see 60]

Gyalidea

70(65:)

Apothecia lecanorine; disc red to red-brown; thallus whitish to grey; apothecia subimmersed to sessile; thalline margin persistent; proper exciple reduced; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium granular, red-brown to red or orange-brown; paraphyses simple to sparingly branched apically; asci of Haematomma-type; ascospores fusiform to acicular; conidia filiform to bacilliform; chemistry: depsides, dibenzofurans, naphthoquinones

Haematomma

70:

Apothecia biatorine, zeorine, lecideine or immarginate

71

71(70:)

Apothecia immarginate; thallus byssoid; apothecia yellowish grey; margin excluded from a very early stage; paraphyses conglutinate and heavily anastomosing; asci 8-spored, of Bacidia-type; ascospores filiform-acicular with 2–4 septa; pycnidia unknown; chemistry: depsidones and usnic acid

Jarmania tristis

71:

Apothecia with a proper exciple; thallus crustose to squamulose or small-foliose

72

72(71:)

Ascospores halonate; paraphyses richly branched and anastomosing; ascus tholus faintly amyloid [see 16:]

Rhizocarpon

72:

Ascospores non-halonate; paraphyses sparingly branched; ascus tholus amyloid

73

73(72:)

Hymenium interspersed with oil droplets; ascospores 3-septate, ellipsoidal, with thick septa [see 64]

Austroblastenia pauciseptata

73:

Hymenium clear; ascospores with various numbers of thin septa, ellipsoidal to filiform

74

74(73:)

Thallus squamulose to subfoliose

75

74:

Thallus crustose

76

75(74)

Thallus subfoliose; apothecia zeorine, containing divaricatic and alectorialic acids; corticolous; thallus greenish grey, isdiate or not; apothecia constricted at base; proper exciple prosoplectenchymatous; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium yellowish brown; paraphyses relatively thick, not thickened apically; asci of Bacidia-type; ascospores 1–3-septate, filiform; conidia filiform

Physcidia australasica

75:

Thallus squamulose; apothecia biatorine, containing unknown compounds or lacking secondary metabolites; saxicolous or terricolous [see 57]

Toninia

76(74:)

Asci of Fellhanera-type (with tube-like structures)

77

76:

Asci of Bacidia- or Lecanora-type

79

77(76)

Apothecial margin byssoid [see 194]

Byssoloma

77:

Apothecial margin well-defined, not byssoid

78

78(77:)

Ascospores acicular to filiform; apothecial disc pale yellow to orange-brown