Australian Biological Resources Study
Patrick M. McCarthy
Canberra, 29 July 2008
Patrick.McCarthy@environment.gov.au
Three families of pyrenocarpous lichens, the Porinaceae, Pyrenulaceae and Verrucariaceae, together comprise about 10 per cent of all lichenized fungi and variously contribute in a significant way to lichen communities on all substrata and under all climatic conditions. The almost exclusively corticolous Pyrenulaceae, with more than 300 species in 16 genera, are especially numerous and abundant in subtropical and tropical regions while making a far more modest contribution to lichen diversity in cool-temperate and boreal latitudes. By contrast, most Verrucariaceae (at least 700 species in almost 40 genera) are saxicolous in temperate and cooler regions, as well as under hot-arid and subarid conditions. Conversely, diversity of Verrucariaceae is markedly reduced at low latitudes.
The Porinaceae, with 2 genera and 401 accepted species and infraspecific taxa (362 in Porina, 39 in Trichothelium), occupy a broader range of substratum and climate than the other two families. Thus, approximately 45 percent of species are primarily corticolous, with 35 percent mainly foliicolous and 20 percent saxicolous. Fewer than 10 percent of taxa occur on more than one substratum type.
In terms of geographical and climatic range, up to 75 percent of Porinaceae are tropical and/or subtropical, the remainder occurring mainly in temperate latitudes. No more than a handful of taxa can be regarded as cosmopolitan, while, in contrast with the Verrucariaceae, very few species are common to both northern and southern temperate regions. Diversity dissipates rapidly towards higher latitudes; only two species are known with certainty from north of the Arctic Circle, and one from Antarctica. Similarly, hot arid regions have very few or no Porinaceae.
The first modern catalogue of the Porinaceae was published in 2003 (P. M. McCarthy, Bibliotheca Lichenologica 87: 1–164). That list is updated here (blue text), and it includes links to 97 species descriptions, as well as habit and anatomical drawings of approximately 100 taxa.
An asterisk (*) indicates the country, state, province etc. in which the type specimen of an accepted name was collected. The following abbreviations are linked to literature sources as appropriate:
C: Checklist,
D: Description provided,
I: Illustration(s) provided,
K: Identification key provided, and
M: Distribution map provided.
| CENTRES OF DIVERSITY | TAXA / ENDEMICS |
| Costa Rica | 86 / 07 |
| Queensland, Australia | 70 / 07 |
| SE Brazil [1] | 68 / 10 |
| Mexico | 51 / 04 |
| Ecuador | 50 / 02 |
| French Guiana | 50 / 03 |
| New Caledonia, Vanuatu & Solomon Islands | 47 / 05 |
| Papua New Guinea | 47 / 05 |
| Guyana | 46 / 00 |
| Java & Christmas Island | 45 / 04 |
| Thailand | 43 / 04 |
| New Zealand | 42 / 12 |
| NE Brazil [2] | 41 / 00 |
| Colombia | 40 / 01 |
| NW Brazil [3] | 40 / 03 |
| Cuba | 38 / 04 |
| S India [4] | 38 / 06 |
| Venezuela | 38 / 01 |
| Ivory Coast | 36 / 00 |
| SE Australia [5] | 36 / 06 |
| Tanzania | 36 / 03 |
| Philippines | 34 / 08 |
| China | 31 / 03 |
| Japan | 30 / 09 |
1: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.
2: Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe.
3: Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Amapá and Pará.
4: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
5: SE New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
Thanks to: André Aptroot, Othmar Breuss, Marcela Cáceres, Jack Elix, Gintaras Kantvilas and Robert Lücking.
Cite as: P.M.McCarthy (2008). Catalogue of Porinaceae. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Version 29 July 2008. http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/PORINACEAE.html
Porina Ach., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 30: 158 (1809), nom. cons. emend.
Porina abrupta Vĕzda, Acta Mus. Richnov., Sect. Nat. 11(2): 61 (2004)
MALAYSIA: [Peninsula*] Vĕzda (2004, DI).
Porina aciculosa Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15(6): 356 (1921)
PHILIPPINES: [Luzon*] Vainio (1921a, D); Gruezo (1979, C).
Porina acuta Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15(6): 360 (1921)
PHILIPPINES: [Luzon*] Vainio (1921a, D); Gruezo (1979, C).
Porina adflata Müll. Arg., Flora 66: 338 (1883)
BRAZIL: [Minas Gerais, São Paulo*] Müller (1883b, D); McCarthy (1993b, DIK); Marcelli (2002, C); Aptroot (2002b, C "cf.").
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 363 (1922) [Description]
Verrucaria aenea Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. 3: 299 (1831); Sagedia aenea (Wallr.) Körb., Syst. Lich. Germ.: 364 (1855); Spermatodium aeneum (Wallr.) Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 10 (1860); Pyrenula aenea (Wallr.) Rabenh., Krypt.-Fl. Sachsen 2: 49 (1870); Sagedia chlorotica f. aenea (Wallr.) Stein, in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien 2(2): 337 (1879); Pseudosagedia aenea (Wallr.) Hafellner & Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57: 172 (1995); Trichothelium aeneum (Wallr.) R. C. Harris, More Florida Lichens: 178 (1995)
Verrucaria carpinea Pers. ex Ach., Methodus: 120 (1803), nom. illeg.; Verrucaria aenea var. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. 3: 299 (1831); Verrucaria punctiformis var. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Link, Grund. Kräuterkunde 3: 220 (1833); Verrucaria epidermidis var. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Rabenh., Fl. Lusatic. 2: 163 (1840); Sagedia carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) A. Massal., Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 160 (1852); Pyrenula carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Trevis., Spige e Paglie: 18 (1853); Spermatodium carpineum (Pers. ex Ach.) Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 10 (1860); Arthopyrenia carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Müll. Arg., Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 16: 429 (1862); Verrucaria chlorotica f. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Leight., Lich.-Fl. Great Brit. 445 (1871); Segestria chlorotica f. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Blomb. & Forss., Enum. Pl. Scand.: 105 (1880); Segestria carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Fl. Tirol 4: 569 (1902); Arthopyrenia chlorotica var. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Boistel, Nouv. Fl. Lich. 2: 277 (1903); Porina carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Zahlbr., in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(1*): 66 (1903); Sagedia chlorotica f. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) de Lesd., Rech. Lich. Dunkerque: 256 (1910); Porina chlorotica var. carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Keissl., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. 9, 1(2): 304 (1938)
Verrucaria fusiformis Leight., Brit. Sp. Angiocarp. Lich.: 42 (1851); Pyrenula fusiformis (Leight.) Hepp, Flechten Eur.: no. 459 (1860); Sagedia fusiformis (Leight.) Arnold, Flora 44: 538 (1861); Arthopyrenia macularis var. fusiformis (Leight.) Mudd, Man. Brit. Lich.: 301 (1861); Verrucaria macularis var. fusiformis (Leight.) Lindsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 292 (1872)
Sagedia erumpens A. Massal., Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 160 (1852); Spermatodium erumpens (A. Massal.) Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 11 (1860); Porina erumpens (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 380 (1922); Sagedia chloromelaena A. Massal., Symm. Lich.: 95 (1855)
Spermatodium chloromelaenum (A. Massal.) Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 11 (1860); Porina chloromelaena (A. Massal.) Lettau, Hedwigia 52: 105 (1912)
Sagedia abietina Körb., Syst. Lich. Germ.: 364 (1855); Sagedia carpinea f. abietina (Körb.) Arnold, Flora 68: 165 (1885); Verrucaria chlorotica f. abietina (Körb.) Harm., Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy, sér. 2, 34: 86 ('1899') [1900]; Porina abietina (Körb.) Migula, Fl. Deutschl. 2, 12(2): 549 (1930)
Sagedia decipiens A. Massal., Misc. Lich.: 60 (1856)
?Verrucaria carpinea f. cytisi Grognot, Pl. Crypt. Cell.: 88 (1863);
?Porina carpinea f. cytisi (Grognot) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 370 (1922)
Segestria fragilis Arnold, Flora 47: 82 (1864); Segestrella fragilis (Arnold) Arnold ex Bausch, Verhandl. Nat. Verein Carlsruhe 4: 196 (1869); Porina fragilis (Arnold) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 382 (1922)
?Verrucaria carpinea f. subathallina Ohlert, Schrift. Kongl. Phys. Ökonom. Ges. Königsberg 11: 42 (1870);
?Porina carpinea f. subathallina (Ohlert) Lettau, Festschr. Preuss. Bot. Verein: 25 (1912)
Sagedia rhododendri Bagl. & Carestia, Atti Soc. Crittog. Ital. 2: 330 (1881); Porina rhododendri (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau, Hedwigia 52: 105 (1912); Porina chlorotica f. rhododendri (Bagl. & Carestia) Keissl., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. 9, 1(2): 310 (1938); Verrucaria chlorotica f. corticola Nyl. ex Zwackh, Lich. Heidelb.: 74 (1883)
?Porina amygdalina Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 34: 34 (1895)
Sagedia chlorotica f. velata de Lesd., Rech. Lich. Dunkerque: 256 (1910); Porina carpinea f. velata (de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 375 (1922)
ALBANIA: Hafellner (2007, C, as Pseudosagedia).
ALGERIA: Van Haluwyn et al. (1994).
ARMENIA: Kopachevskaya et al. (1977).
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland, Tasmania] McCarthy (2001a, DKM, 2008c).
AUSTRIA: Keissler (1938, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Hafellner & Türk (2001, C, as Pseudosagedia).
AZERBAIJAN: Kopachevskaya et al. (1977).
AZORES: Berger & Aptroot (2002).
BELGIUM: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
BERMUDA: LaGreca & Berger (2008, C).
BELARUS: Kopachevskaya et al. (1977).
BULGARIA: Szatala (1929, as Porina carpinea).
CANADA: [British Columbia] Harris (1975, K); Noble et al. (1987, C).
CANARY ISLANDS: Hafellner (1995, C, as Pseudosagedia); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
CROATIA: Kušan (1953, C, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea).
CZECH REPUBLIC: Vĕzda & Liška (1999, C).
DENMARK: Søchting & Alstrup (2002, C).
ESTONIA: Kopachevskaya et al. (1977); Randlane et al. (2003, C).
FAEROES: Alstrup & Christensen (1995).
FINLAND: Vainio (1921b, D, as Porina carpinea); Vitikainen et al. (1997, C).
FRANCE: Keissler (1938, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Coppins (1971, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea).
FRENCH POLYNESIA: [Marquesas Is. (Nuku Hiva)] Nylander (1858a, as Verrucaria chlorotica var. carpinea); Hue (1892, C, as Verrucaria carpinea).
GEORGIA: Kopachevskaya et al. (1977).
GERMANY*: Keissler (1938, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Wirth (2002, C).
GREAT BRITAIN: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Purvis & James (1992, DK).
GREECE: Sipman & Raus (2002, C).
HUNGARY: Szatala (1927a, as Porina carpinea); Verseghy (1994); Lökös & Farkas (1998).
INDIA: [Arunachal Pradesh] Upreti (1994, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea).
IRAN: [Mazandaran] Seaward et al. (2004, C)
IRELAND: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Purvis & James (1992, DK); Seaward (1994, C).
ISRAEL: Wasser & Nevo (2005, DKM).
ITALY: Keissler (1938, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Nimis & Martellos (2008, CIM).
LATVIA: Piterāns (2002, C).
LEBANON: Khalife (1982); Wasser & Nevo (2005).
LITHUANIA: Motiejunaite (1999, C).
LUXEMBOURG: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
MOROCCO: Egea (1996, C).
NETHERLANDS: Aptroot et al. (2004, C).
NORWAY: Santesson (1993, C).
POLAND: Nowak & Tobolewski (1975, DIK, as Porina carpinea); Faltynowicz (1993, C, as Porina carpinea).
ROMANIA: Keissler (1938, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Ciurchea (2004, C).
RUSSIA: [Caucasus, Irkutskaya Oblast’, Karelia, Krasnoyarskiy Kray, Novgorodskaya Oblast’] Kopachevskaya et al. (1977); Sedelnikova (1990, C); Andreev et al. (1996, C, as Pseudosagedia); Kataeva (1999, 2002); Urbanavicus & Urbanavichene (2002, as Trichothelium aeneum).
SLOVAKIA: Pišút et al. (1996, C, as Pseudosagedia).
SLOVENIA: Suppan et al. (2000, C).
SPAIN: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C).
SWEDEN: Santesson (1993, C).
SWITZERLAND: Keissler (1938, DIK, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea); Scheidegger & Clerc (2002).
TAIWAN: Aptroot (2003).
TURKEY: Szatala (1927b, as Sagedia); John (1996, C).
YUGOSLAVIA: Kušan (1953, C, as Porina chlorotica var. carpinea).
UKRAINE: Kopachevskaya et al. (1977); Kondratyuk et al. (1998, C, as Pseudosagedia).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: [California, Florida, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, Texas] Müller (1895c, D, as Porina amygdalina); Fink (1935, DK, as Porina carpinea); Harris (1975, K; 1995, K, as Trichothelium; 2004, as Trichothelium); Fryday (2001, C, as Trichothelium); Aptroot (2002, DK); Esslinger (2002, C, as Porina amygdalina); Tucker & Ryan (2006, C).
Porina africana Müll. Arg., Linnaea 63: 41 (1880) [Description]
Verrucaria africana (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Ber. Tätigk. St. Gallisch. Naturw. Ges. 1889–90: 452 (1891)
Porina platystoma Müll. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 326 (1895)
ANGOLA: [Quillu*] Müller (1880, D); Vainio (1901, D); McCarthy (1994a, DI).
AUSTRALIA: [Victoria] Müller (1895e, D, as Porina platystoma); McCarthy (1994a, DI; 2001a, DKM).
BRAZIL: [Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro?] Malme (1929, DK); Marcelli (2002, C).
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
COSTA RICA: Müller (1883b; 1893b); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C).
ECUADOR: [Napo] McCarthy & Palice (2003).
GUATEMALA: Sérusiaux et al. (2007).
INDIA: [Karnataka, Maharashtra] Makhija et al. (1994, DIK, as Porina platystoma).
MEXICO: [Nuevo León] Müller (1894a); Ryan et al. (1996, C).
NICARAGUA: [Granada] Breuss (2002, C).
TAIWAN: Aptroot (2003).
TANZANIA: [East Usambara] Müller (1895a); Zahlbruckner (1926).
Porina ahlesiana (Körb.) Zahlbr., in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(1*): 66 (1903)
Segestrella ahlesiana Körb., Parerga Lichenol.: 324 (1863)
Segestria septemseptata Hepp ex Zwackh, Flora 45: 549 (1862); Sagedia septemseptata (Hepp ex Zwackh) Körb., Parerga Lichenol.: 324 (1863); Porina septemseptata (Hepp ex Zwackh) Swinscow, Lichenologist 2: 43 (1962)
Segestria heppii A. Massal. ex Zwackh, Flora 45: 549 (1862)
Verrucaria succina Leight., Grevillea 4: 78 (1875); Porina succina (Leight.) A. L. Sm., Monogr. Brit. Lich. 2: 334 (1911)
Verrucaria insiliens Larb. ex Nyl., Flora 60: 566 (1877); Porina insiliens (Larb. ex Nyl.) A. L. Sm., Monogr. Brit. Lich. 2: 338 (1911)
Verrucaria globosa Taylor ex Nyl., Flora 66: 534 (1883); Porina globosa (Taylor ex Nyl.) A. L. Sm., Monogr. Brit. Lich. 2nd edn, 2: 366 (1926)
AUSTRIA: Keissler (1938, DK); Hafellner & Türk (2001, C).
AZORES: Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
CANARY ISLANDS: McCarthy & Etayo (2002); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
CROATIA: Kušan (1953, C).
FRANCE: Bricaud et al. (1992).
GERMANY*: Keissler (1938, DK); Wirth (2002, C).
GREAT BRITAIN: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina septemseptata); Purvis & James (1992, K).
IRELAND: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina septemseptata); Purvis & James (1992, DK); Seaward (1994, C).
ITALY: Nimis & Martellos (2008, CIM).
NEW ZEALAND: [Southland] McCarthy & Johnson (1995, D); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, DK).
NORWAY: Santesson (1993, C).
ROMANIA: Ciurchea (2004, C).
SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE: [Príncipe] Nylander (1889, D, as Verrucaria globosa).
SPAIN: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C).
TURKEY: Steiner (1899, as Sagedia septemseptata).
Porina alba (R.Sant.) Lücking, Biblioth. Lichenol. 88: 412 (2004) [Description]
Phyllophiale alba R.Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 557 (1952)
Porina mirabilis Lücking & Vĕzda, Willdenowia 28: 211 (1998)
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland] Sipman (1991, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis); Lücking et al. (2001, as Phyllophiale alba); McCarthy (2001a, DKM, as Porina mirabilis).
BELIZE: Sérusiaux (1976, as Phyllophiale alba).
BOLIVIA: [Santa Cruz] Santesson (1952, DK).
BRAZIL: [Amapá, Amazonas, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Pernambuco, Rondônia, São Paulo] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Ferraro (1997, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking et al. (1998b, as Porina mirabilis); Lombardi et al. (1999, as Porina mirabilis); Lücking & Cáceres (1999, DIK, as Porina mirabilis); Cáceres et al. (2000, and as Porina mirabilis); Lücking & Kalb (2000, and as Porina mirabilis).
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM: Aptroot et al. (2003, and as Porina mirabilis).
CAMEROON: Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
CHINA: [Yunnan] Aptroot et al. (2003, as Phyllophiale alba).
COLOMBIA: [Amazonas, Caquetá, Meta] Sipman (1990, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
COSTA RICA: [Alajuela, Cartago, Heredía, Isla del Coco, Limón, Puntarenas, San José] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Lücking (1995, C, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Vězda (1998, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Cáceres (1999, DIK, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking (1999a; 1999c, as Phyllophiale alba); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C, and as Porina mirabilis); Breuss (2006, as Phyllophiale alba and as Porina mirabilis); Breuss & Neuwirth (2007, and as Porina mirabilis).
CUBA: [Santiago de Cuba] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: [Haut-Zaïre] Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
ECUADOR*: [Jatun Satcha, Los Rios, Napo, Pichincha] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking (1999b, 1999c, as Phyllophiale alba).
FRENCH GUIANA: Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis); Lücking (2006, as Porina mirabilis).
GHANA: Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba).
GUATEMALA: Barillas & Lücking (1992, as Phyllophiale alba).
GUINEA: Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis); Santesson & Lücking (1999, as Porina mirabilis).
GUYANA: Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Sipman & Aptroot (1992, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking (1998b, as Phyllophiale alba); Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
HONDURAS: [Atlantida] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba).
INDONESIA: [Sumatra] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba).
IVORY COAST: Becker et al. (1995); Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis); Lücking et al. (1998a, as Phyllophiale alba).
JAMAICA: Sérusiaux (1976, as Phyllophiale alba).
MALAYSIA: [Sabah] Sipman (1993, as Phyllophiale alba).
MEXICO: Herrera-Campos et al. (2004b, C).
NICARAGUA: [Río San Juan] Breuss (2002, C, as Porina mirabilis).
NIGERIA: [Ondo] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba).
PANAMA: Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Piepenbring (2006, C).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Madang] Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
SRI LANKA: Vĕzda et al. (1997, as Phyllophiale alba).
TANZANIA: [Mogorogoro] Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: [Trinidad] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba).
VANUATU: [Espíritu Santo] Lücking et al. (2001, as Porina mirabilis).
VENEZUELA: [Amazonas, Bolivar, Maracay] Santesson (1952, DK, as Phyllophiale alba); Sipman (1992, as Phyllophiale alba); Neuwirth (2007, and as P. mirabilis).
VIETNAM: Lücking & Vězda (1998, DIK, as Porina mirabilis).
Porina albella Müll. Arg., Flora 70: 78 (1887)
Verrucaria albella (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Ber. Thätigk. St. Gallisch. Naturw. Ges. 1889–90: 216 (1891)
SOUTH AFRICA: [Transvaal*] Müller (1887a, D); Stizenberger (1891, as Verrucaria); Doidge (1950, C).
Porina albicera (Kremp.) Overeem, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 4: 112 (1922) [Description]
Verrucaria albicera Kremp., Lich. Foliicol.: 16 (1874); Phylloporina albicera (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Lich. Epiphylli Novi: 21 (1890)
Phylloporina myriocarpa Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 30: 188 (1891); Porina myriocarpa (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill., Hedwigia 67: 274 (1927)
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland] Santesson & Tibell (1988); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking et al. (2001, C); McCarthy (2001a, DKM).
CHINA: [Hong Kong, Yunnan] Aptroot & Sipman (2001); Aptroot et al. (2003).
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: [Haut-Zaïre] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
INDIA: [Andaman Is.] Singh (1970, DI); Awasthi (1991, K).
INDONESIA: [Sumatra] Santesson (1952, DK); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
IVORY COAST: Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking et al. (1998a).
MALAYSIA: [Sabah, Sarawak*] Krempelhuber (1874, D; 1875, D, both as Verrucaria); Müller (1890a, b, both as Phylloporina); Santesson (1952, DK).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Madang] Aptroot & Sipman (1993b); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
PHILIPPINES: [Luzon] Vainio (1923b, D); Santesson (1952, DK); Gruezo (1979, C); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
SRI LANKA: Vĕzda et al. (1997).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Ratchasima] Boonpragob et al. (1998); Wolseley et al. (2002, C).
VIETNAM: Müller (1891c, D, as Phylloporina myriocarpa); Zahlbruckner (1930, K); Santesson (1952, DK); Vĕzda (1977); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
Porina alienata Malme, Ark. Bot. 23A(1): 24 (1929)
BRAZIL: [Rio Grande do Sul*] Malme (1929, DK); Marcelli (2002, C).
Porina aluniticola P. M. McCarthy, Biblioth. Lichenol. 52: 27 (1993) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [New South Wales*] McCarthy (1993b, DIK; 2001a, DIKM).
LORD HOWE ISLAND: McCarthy (1996a); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
Porina ambigua Malme, Ark. Bot. 23A(1): 27 (1929) var. ambigua
BRAZIL: [Rio Grande do Sul*] Malme (1929, DK).
PARAGUAY: [Paraguarí] Malme (1929, DK).
Porina ambigua var. transgressa Malme, Ark. Bot. 23A(1): 28 (1929)
BRAZIL: [Rio Grande do Sul*] Malme (1929, DK); Marcelli (2002, C).
PARAGUAY: [Paraguarí] Malme (1929, DK).
Porina americana Fée, Essai Crypt. Écorc. Offic.: 83 (1825)
Porophora americana (Fée) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th edn,4(1): 242 (1827); Pertusaria americana (Fée) Mont., in Sagra, Hist. Île Cuba, Bot.: 160 (1838–42)
Porina superior Müll. Arg., Flora 68: 260 (1885)
COLOMBIA: [Amazonas] Aguirre-C. & Rangel-Ch. (2007, C).
CUBA*: Fée (1825, DI); Müller (1885a, and as Porina superior); Plunkte (1984, C).
FRENCH GUIANA: Lücking (2006).
INDIA: [Kerala, West Bengal] Awasthi (1991, D); Upreti (1994, DIK).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Ratchasima] Boonpragob et al. (1998); Wolseley et al. (2002, C).
Porina andamanensis Upreti & A. Singh, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 94: 399 (1987)
INDIA: [Andaman Is.*] Upreti & Singh (1987, DI).
Porina andamanica Makhija, Adawadkar & Patw., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18: 528 (1994)
INDIA: [Andaman Is.*, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu] Makhija et al. (1994, DIK); Pinokiyo et al. (2008).
Porina andreana Lücking & Vĕzda, Willdenowia 28: 190 (1998)
BRAZIL: [Pernambuco, São Paulo] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Cáceres et al. (2000, C); Lücking & Kalb (2000).
COSTA RICA: [Alajuela, Cartago, Heredía*, Puntarenas, San José] Lücking (1992, DIK, as “Porina andreana ad interim”; 1999a; 1999c); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C); Breuss (2006).
ECUADOR: [Napo] Lücking (1999b).
FRENCH GUIANA: Lücking (2006).
GUYANA: Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking (1998a).
Porina angusta Makhija, Adawadkar & Patw., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18: 530 (1994)
INDIA: [Andaman Is.*, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya] Makhija et al. (1994, DIK).
Porina applanata Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15(6): 362 (1921)
Phylloporina applanata (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 135 (1931)
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM: Aptroot et al. (2003).
INDONESIA: [Enggano I., Java, Sumatra] Santesson (1952, DK); Matzer (1996, “aff.”).
IVORY COAST: [Man] Santesson & Lücking (1998).
MALAYSIA: [Sarawak] Santesson (1952, DK).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [East Sepik, Morobe] Santesson (1952, DK); Szatala (1956, K, as Phylloporina); Streimann (1986, C).
PHILIPPINES*: [Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Samar] Vainio (1921a, D); Santesson (1952, DK); Gruezo (1979, C).
TAIWAN: Aptroot (2003).
Note: Reports of P. applanata from French Guiana and Guyana by Aptroot & Sipman (1993a) and Sipman (1997b) were based on an undescribed species close to P. mirabilis Vain. (Lücking 1998a).
Porina aptrootii P. M. McCarthy, Biblioth. Lichenol. 52: 29 (1993) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Tasmania*] McCarthy (1993b, DIKM; 2001a, DKM).
NEW ZEALAND: [Southland] McCarthy (1993b, DIKM); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, DK).
Porina argillacea Müll. Arg., Linnaea 63: 42 (1880)
Verrucaria argillacea (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Ber. Tätigk. St. Gallisch. Naturw. Ges. 1889–90: 213 (1891)
ANGOLA: [Quillu*] Müller (1880, D); Vainio (1901, D).
Porina arnoldii Poelt & Vĕzda, in Hafellner & Türk, Stapfia 76: 153 (2001)
Sagedia koerberi f. rhododendri Arnold, Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 25: 489 (1875); Segestria koerberi ß rhododendri (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Fl. Tirol 4: 569 (1902); Porina guentheri f. rhododendri (Arnold) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 385 (1922); Porina koerberi f. rhododendri (Arnold) Migula, Fl. Deutschl. 2, 12(2): 554 (1930)
AUSTRIA*: Keissler (1938, DK, as Porina guentheri f. rhododendri); Poelt & Vězda (1977, DK); Hafellner & Türk (2001, C).
Porina aschersonii Müll. Arg., Revue Mycol. 21: 9 (1884)
Verrucaria aschersonii (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb., Ber. Tätigk. St. Gallisch. Naturw. Ges. 1889–90: 210 (1891)
EGYPT*: Müller (1884, D); Seaward & Sipman (2006, C).
Porina aspera Räsänen, J. Jap. Bot. 16: 152 (1940)
JAPAN*: Räsänen (1940, D).
Porina athertonii Sipman, Nova Hedwigia 53: 260 (1991) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland*] Sipman (1991, DI); Lücking et al. (2001, C); McCarthy (2001a, DIKM).
Porina atlantica (Erichsen) P. M. Jørg., Graphis Scripta 12: 1 (2000)
Ocellularia atlantica Erichsen, Hedwigia 66: 276 (1926)
Porina isidiata Kalb & Hafellner, Herzogia 9: 83 (1992)
Porina nucula auct. europ. pro parte non Acharius (1814)
Porina mastoidea auct. europ. pro parte non Müller. Arg. (1885)
Porina rhodostoma auct. europ. pro parte non Müller. Arg. (1885)
Porina guaranitica auct. europ. pro parte non Malme (1929)
Porina nucula var. heterospora auct. europ. pro parte non Fink, in Hedrick (1933); Porina heterospora auct. europ. non (Fink) R. C. Harris, in Tucker & Harris (1980)
BERMUDA: LaGreca & Berger (2008, C).
CANARY ISLANDS*: Erichsen (1926, D, as Ocellularia); Champion (1976 (not seen), as Porina nucula); Vĕzda (1994a, as Porina isidiata); Hafellner (1995, C, as Porina guaranitica); McCarthy & Malcolm (1996, “aff. rubrostoma”); Etayo (1998, as Porina guaranitica); Hafellner (1999, C, as rubrostoma); Jørgensen (2000b, I); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, DIK).
FRANCE: Van den Boom et al. (1995, as Porina guaranitica); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, DIK).
IRELAND: Purvis & James (1992, DK, as Porina heterospora); McCarthy (1993b, DIKM, as Porina guaranitica); Seaward (1994, C, as Porina heterospora); Jørgensen (2000a, K, as Porina isidiata); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, DIK).
MADEIRA: Tavares (1952, as Porina mastoidea); Kalb & Hafellner (1992, as Porina heterospora, and as P. isidiata); Hafellner (1995, C, as Porina guaranitica and as P. isidiata); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, DIK).
PORTUGAL: Sérusiaux et al. (2007, DIK).
Porina atriceps (Vain.) Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15(6): 364 (1921) [Description]
Porina epiphylla var. atriceps Vain., J. Bot. 34: 295 (1896); Phylloporina epiphylla var. atriceps (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 136 (1931)
?Phylloporina cupreofusca Zahlbr., Ann. Crypt. Exot. 1: 114 (1928)
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland] Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Santesson & Tibell (1988, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DK); Lücking et al. (2001, C); McCarthy (2001a, DKM).
BRAZIL: [Pará, Rio Grande do Sul] Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Kalb (2000); Marcelli (2002, C, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps).
CHILE: Galloway & Quilhot (1999, C).
CAMEROON: Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps).
COLOMBIA: [Amazonas, Caquetá] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Aguirre-C. & Rangel-Ch. (2007, C).
COSTA RICA: [Heredía, Puntarenas] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking (1999c; 2000a); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C); Breuss & Neuwirth (2007).
CUBA: Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps).
DOMINICA*: Vainio (1896, D); Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DK).
FIJI: [Viti Levu] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DK).
FRENCH GUIANA: Lücking (2006).
GUADELOUPE: Vězda & Vivant (1992); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
GUYANA: Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking (1998a).
HONDURAS: [Atlantída] Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DK).
INDIA: [Andaman Is., Kerala, Tamil Nadu] Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Makhija et al. (1994, DIK).
INDONESIA: [Ambon, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra] Zahlbruckner et al. (1928, D, as Phylloporina cupreofusca); Zahlbruckner (1943, CK, as Phylloporina cupreofusca); Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DK).
IVORY COAST: Lücking et al. (1998a).
MALAYSIA: [Sabah] Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
MEXICO: Herrera-Campos et al. (2004b, C).
NEW CALEDONIA: [Grande Terre] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DK); Lücking & Kalb (2001, C).
PANAMA: Piepenbring (2006, C).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [East Sepik, Madang, Morobe, New Britain] Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Szatala (1956, K, as Phylloporina epiphylla var. atriceps); Streimann (1986, C, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
PHILIPPINES: [Luzon, Mindanao] Santesson (1952, DK, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Gruezo (1979, C, as Porina epiphylla var. atriceps); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DK).
REUNION: Rønhede et al. (2002, 2003).
SOLOMON ISLANDS: [Guadalcanal, Kolombangara, San Cristobal] McCarthy (2003b).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Prachin Buri, Saraburi] Papong et al. (2007).
VENEZUELA: [Bolivar, Maracay] Neuwirth (2007).
VIETNAM: Aptroot & Sparrius (2006, C).
Porina atrocoerulea Müll. Arg., Flora 66: 336 (1883) [Description]
Phylloporina atrocoerulea (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Lich. Epiphylli Novi: 22 (1890); Pseudosagedia atrocoerulea (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner & Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57: 172 (1995)
Phylloporina sphaerella Malme, Ark. Bot. 23A(1): 32 (1929)
ARGENTINA: [Corrientes, Misiones] Sérusiaux & De Sloover (1986); Ferraro (1997); Calvelo & Liberatore (2002, C).
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland, Tasmania] McCarthy et al. (2001, CK); McCarthy (2001a, DIKM).
BOLIVIA: [Guayaramerin] Hafellner & Kalb (1995, as Pseudosagedia).
BRAZIL: [Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo*] Müller (1883b, D); Malme (1929, DK, as Phylloporina sphaerella); Santesson (1952, DK); Cáceres et al. (2000, C); Lücking & Kalb (2000); Marcelli (2002, C).
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
COSTA RICA: [Heredía, Puntarenas, San José] Müller (1891d, as Phylloporina); Lücking (1992, DIK; 1999a; 1999c); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C).
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: [Shaba] Sérusiaux (1984).
ECUADOR: [Napo] Lücking (1999b).
FRENCH GUIANA: Aptroot & Sipman (1993a, DIK).
GUADELOUPE: Vězda & Vivant (1992).
GUATEMALA: Santesson (1952, DK).
GUYANA: Lücking (1998a).
HAITI: Santesson (1952, DK).
INDIA: [Andaman Is.] Singh (1970, DI); Awasthi (1991, K).
INDONESIA: [Sumatra] Santesson (1952, DK).
MEXICO: Herrera-Campos et al. (2004b, C).
NEW CALEDONIA: [Grande Terre] Lücking & Kalb (2001, C).
NEW ZEALAND: [Wellington] Santesson (1952, DK); Galloway (1985, DK); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, DK).
NICARAGUA: Breuss (2002, C).
PARAGUAY: Santesson (1952, DK); Ferraro (1997).
REUNION: Sérusiaux (1977).
SURINAM: Aptroot & Sipman (1993a, DIK).
TAIWAN: Aptroot (2003).
TANZANIA: [Kilamanjaro, Morogoro] Santesson (1952, DK); Vězda (1975); Farkas (1987).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Ratchasima, Prachin Buri] Papong et al. (2007).
VENEZUELA: [Mérida] Marcano et al. (1996, C).
VIETNAM: Müller (1891c, as Phylloporina); Santesson (1952, DK).
Porina atroperiostiola Makhija, Adawadkar & Patw., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18: 528 (1994)
INDIA: [Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra*, Tamil Nadu] Makhija et al. (1994, DIK); Pinokiyo et al. (2008).
Porina aurantiaca Makhija, Adawadkar & Patw., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18: 532 (1994)
INDIA: [Tamil Nadu*] Makhija et al. (1994, DIK).
Porina australiensis (Lücking & Vĕzda) Lücking, Biblioth. Lichenol. 88: 413 (2004) [Description]
Porina lucida var. australiensis Lücking & Vĕzda, Willdenowia 28: 209 (1998)
Porina subepiphylla var. australiensis (Lücking & Vĕzda) Lücking, in Lücking et al., Lichenologist 33: 206 (2001)
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland*] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK, as Porina lucida var. australiensis); Lücking et al. (2001, C); McCarthy (2001, DKM, as Porina lucida var. australiensis).
Porina austriaca (Körb.) Arnold, Flora 65: 143 (1882)
Sagedia austriaca Körb., Parerga Lichenol.: 356 (1863); Segestria austriaca (Körb.) Zahlbr., Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 41: 381 (1891); Arthopyrenia austriaca (Körb.) J. Nowak & Tobol., Porosty Polskie: 1117 (1975); Pseudosagedia austriaca (Körb.) Hafellner, in Hafellner & Türk, Stapfia 76: 157 (2001)
AUSTRIA*: Keissler (1938, DIK); Hafellner & Türk (2001, C, as Pseudosagedia).
GERMANY: Keissler (1938, DIK); Wirth (2002, C).
CHINA: [Zhejiang] Wei (1991, C).
ITALY: Keissler (1938, DIK); Nimis & Martellos (2008, CIM).
POLAND: Nowak & Tobolewski (1975, DIK, as Arthopyrenia); Faltynowicz (1993, C, as Arthopyrenia).
ROMANIA: Ciurchea (2004, C).
UKRAINE: Kopachevskaya et al. (1977); Kondratyuk et al. (1998, C).
Porina austropacifica P. M. McCarthy, Australas. Lichenol. 46: 21 (2000) [Description]
NORFOLK ISLAND*: McCarthy (2000a, DI; 2000d).
Porina bacillifera Müll. Arg., Flora 65: 517 (1882) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland*] Müller (1882b, D; 1891b); McCarthy (1994a, DI; 2001a, DKM).
Porina barvica Lücking, Nova Hedwigia 52: 281 (1991)
BOLIVIA: [La Paz] Ferraro (2002, as barbica).
COSTA RICA: [Heredía*, Puntarenas, San José] Lücking (1991, DI; 1992, DIK); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C); Breuss & Neuwirth (2007).
MEXICO: Herrera-Campos et al. (2004b, C).
VENEZUELA: [Distrito Federal] Neuwirth (2007).
Porina belanospora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 400 (1885)
Verrucaria belanospora Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 20: 245 (‘1864’) [1863]
COLOMBIA*: [Cordillera Oriental] Nylander (1863b, D, as Verrucaria); Müller (1885a); Aguirre-C. & Rangel-Ch. (2007, C).
INDIA: [Andaman Is., Arunachal Pradesh] Makhija et al. (1994, DIK); Pinokiyo et al. (2008).
Porina bellendenica Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 30: 56 (1891) [Description]
Porina formosana Zahlbr., Feddes Rep. Spec. Regni Veg. 31: 200 (1933)
Porina oceanica Räsänen, Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. 'Vanamo' 20(3): 34 (1944)
AUSTRALIA: [Northern Territory, Queensland*] Müller (1891b, D); McCarthy (1993b, DIK; 2001a, DIKM).
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
FRENCH POLYNESIA: [Society Is. (Tahiti)] Räsänen (1944, D, as Porina oceanica); McCarthy (1993b, DIK); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
TAIWAN: Zahlbruckner (1933, D, as Porina formosana); Wang-Yang & Lai (1973, C, as Porina formosana); McCarthy (1992).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Ratchasima] Boonpragob et al. (1998); Wolseley et al. (2002, C).
Porina biroi (Szatala) P. M. McCarthy, Biblioth. Lichenol. 87: 25 (2003)
Clathroporina biroi Szatala, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungar., n.s. 7: 18 (1956)
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [West Sepik*] Szatala (1956, D, as Clathroporina); McCarthy (1995b, DK, as Clathroporina); McCarthy (2003c).
Porina blechnicola Lücking, P. M. McCarthy & Kantvilas, in McCarthy, Fl. Australia 58A: 227 (2001) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Tasmania*] McCarthy et al. (2001, CK, “ined.”); McCarthy (2001a, DIKM).
Porina borreri (Trevis.) D. Hawksw. & P. James, in Hawksworth et al., Lichenologist 12: 107 (1980)
Spermatodium borreri Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 11 (1860); Pseudosagedia borreri (Trevis.) Hafellner & Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57: 172 (1995)
Verrucaria olivacea Pers., Neue Ann. Bot. 1: 28 (1794); Pyrenula olivacea (Pers.) Hepp, Flechten Eur.: no. 462 (1857); Arthopyrenia olivacea (Pers.) Mudd, Man. Brit. Lich.: 301 (1861); Verrucaria thuretii var. olivacea (Pers.) Garov., Tent. Disp. Lich. Langob.: 139 (1865); Sagedia olivacea (Pers.) Lojka, Math. Termés. Közlem. 11: 64 (1876); Arthopyrenia chlorotica var. olivacea (Pers.) Boistel, Nouv. Fl. Lich. 2: 278 (1903); Porina olivacea (Pers.) A. L. Sm., Monogr. Brit. Lich. 2: 337 (1911)
Segestria consociata Zwackh, Flora 45: 550 (1862); Arthopyrenia consociata (Zwackh) Müll. Arg., Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 16: 429 (1862)
Sagedia obsoleta Kremp. ex Rabenh., Flechten Eur. 23: no. 632 (1862); Porina obsoleta (Kremp. ex Rabenh.) Lettau, Hedwigia 52: 104 (1912)
?Sagedia laurina Anzi, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 11: 175 (1868); Porina laurina (Anzi) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 387 (1922)
?Porina olivacea var. areolascens Zahlbr., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 68: 74 (1919)
AUSTRIA: Keissler (1938, as Porina olivacea); Hafellner & Türk (2001, C, as Pseudosagedia).
AZORES: Berger & Aptroot (2002).
BELGIUM: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
BERMUDA: LaGreca & Berger (2008, C).
CANARY ISLANDS: Hafellner (1995, C, as Pseudosagedia).
CROATIA: Keissler (1938, as Porina olivacea var. areolascens); Kušan (1953, C, as Porina olivacea and as P. olivacea var. areolascens).
CZECH REPUBLIC: Vĕzda & Liška (1999, C, as Porina olivacea).
DENMARK: Christiansen et al. (1979, DI, as Porina olivacea); Søchting & Alstrup (2002, C).
FRANCE: Keissler (1938, as Porina olivacea); Lettau (1940).
GERMANY: Keissler (1938, as Porina olivacea, and as P. olivacea var. areolascens); Wirth (2002, C).
GREAT BRITAIN: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina olivacea); Purvis & James (1992, DK).
IRELAND: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina olivacea); Purvis & James (1992, DK); Seaward (1994, C).
ITALY*: Nimis & Martellos (2008, CIM).
LUXEMBOURG: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
MADEIRA: Kalb & Hafellner (1992); Hafellner (1995, C, as Pseudosagedia).
NETHERLANDS: Aptroot et al. (2004, C).
ROMANIA: Ciurchea (2004, C).
SLOVENIA: Suppan et al. (2000, C).
SPAIN: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C).
SWEDEN: Santesson (1993, C).
SWITZERLAND: Keissler (1938, as Porina olivacea).
Porina bryophila P. M. McCarthy & Kantvilas, Lichenologist 32: 248 (2000) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Tasmania*] McCarthy & Kantvilas (2000a, DI); McCarthy (2001a, DKM).
Porina bucidae Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 6(7): 205 (1915)
VIRGIN ISLANDS: [St. John*] Vainio (1915, D).
Porina buellioides Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 6(7): 204 (1915)
VIRGIN ISLANDS: [St. John*] Vainio (1915, D).
Porina byssophila (Körb. ex Hepp) Zahlbr., in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(1*): 66 (1903)
Sagedia byssophila Körb. ex Hepp, Flechten Eur. 12: 695 (1860); Verrucaria byssophila (Körb. ex Hepp) Nyl. ex Stizenb., Jahresber. St. Gallisch. Naturw. Ges. 1880–81: 504 (1882); Segestria byssophila (Körb. ex Hepp) Zahlbr., Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 48: 351 (1898); Pseudosagedia byssophila (Körb. ex Hepp) Hafellner & Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57: 174 (1995)
Sagedia harrimannii Körb., Syst. Lich. Germ.: 362 (1855), nom. illeg., non Massalongo (1852)
Spermatodium cinereorufescens Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 12 (1860)
Verrucaria praemiscens Nyl., Flora 64: 182 (1881); Porina praemiscens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 401 (1922)
ALGERIA: Faurel et al. (1953).
AUSTRIA: Hafellner & Türk (2001, C, as Pseudosagedia).
BELGIUM: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
CZECH REPUBLIC: Vĕzda & Liška (1999, C).
FRANCE: Roux (1982); Clauzade & Roux (1985, K).
GERMANY*: Keissler (1938, DIK); Wirth (2002, C).
IRELAND: McCarthy (1987, DI); Purvis & James (1992, DK); Seaward (1994, C).
ISRAEL: Wasser & Nevo (2005, DK).
ITALY: Nimis & Martellos (2008, CIM).
LUXEMBOURG: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
MOROCCO: Egea (1996, C).
POLAND: Nowak & Tobolewski (1975, DIK); Faltynowicz (1993, C).
ROMANIA: Keissler (1938, DIK); Ciurchea (2004, C).
SLOVENIA: Suppan et al. (2000, C).
SPAIN: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C).
SWEDEN: Santesson (1993, C).
TUNISIA: Hafellner & Kalb (1995, as Pseudosagedia).
Porina canthicarpa P. M. McCarthy, Fl. Australia 58A: 228 (2001) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland*] McCarthy (2001a, DIKM).
VANUATU: [Efaté] McCarthy (2003b).
Porina cascarillae (Fée) Müll. Arg., Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 30(3): 25 (1888)
Verrucaria cascarillae Fée, Essai Crypt. Écorc. Offic.: 86 (1825)
"REGIO TROPICA"* [NEOTROPICS]: Fée (1825 D, as Verrucaria cascarillae); Müller (1888a).
Porina cataractarum Aptroot & Sipman, Fl. Guianas, ser. 3, 2: 19 (1993)
FRENCH GUIANA*: Aptroot & Sipman (1993a, DIK).
SURINAM: Aptroot & Sipman (1993a, DIK).
Porina cerina (Zahlbr.) R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 248 (1952)
Phylloporina cerina Zahlbr., Trans. New Zealand Inst. 59: 248 (1928)
NEW ZEALAND: [Wellington*] Zahlbruckner et al. (1928, D, as Phylloporina); Zahlbruckner (1941, as Phylloporina); Santesson (1952, DK); Galloway (1985, DK); Matzer (1996); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Malcolm & Malcolm (2002, I); Galloway (2007, DK).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Morobe] Santesson (1952, DK); Szatala (1956, K, as Phylloporina); Streimann (1986, C).
PHILIPPINES: Santesson (1952, DK); Gruezo (1979, C).
VANUATU: [Espíritu Santo] Lücking et al. (2001).
Porina cestrensis (Tuck. ex E. Michener) Müll. Arg., Flora 64: 338 (1883)
Verrucaria cestrensis Tuck. ex E. Michener, in Darlington, Fl. Cestr., 3rd edn: 452 (1853); Sagedia cestrensis (Tuck. ex E. Michener) Tuck., Gen. Lich.: 265 (1872); Trichothelium cestrense (Tuck. ex E. Michener) R. C. Harris, More Florida Lichens: 178 (1995); Pseudosagedia cestrensis (Tuck. ex E. Michener) R. C. Harris, Opusc. Philolich. 2: 15 (2005)
Verrucaria pulla Ach., Lichenogr. Universalis: 281 (1810) pro parte; Porina pulla (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Flora 68: 325 (1885) pro parte
?Sagedia cestrensis f. olivacea Tuck., in Willey, Enum. Lich. New Bedford: 37 (1892); Porina cestrensis f. olivacea (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 371 (1922)
Porina salicina Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 34: 34 (1895)
Porina cestrensis var. platyspora Fink, in Hedrick, Mycologia 25: 308 (1933)
BERMUDA: LaGreca & Berger (2008, C).
BRAZIL: [Rio Grande do Sul] Malme (1929, DK); Marcelli (2002, C, as “centrensis”).
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
COOK ISLANDS: [Rarotonga] McCarthy (2000c, “aff.”).
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS: [Agrihan, Anatahan, Saipan] Harada & McCarthy (1997, DIK); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
PARAGUAY: Müller (1888b).
TAIWAN: Aptroot (2003).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: [Alabama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania*, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Wisconsin] Acharius (1810, D, as Verrucaria pulla); Müller (1885, as Porina pulla; 1895c, D, as Porina salicina); Hedrick (1933, D, as Porina cestrensis var. platyspora); Fink (1935, DK, and as Porina cestrensis var. platyspora); Harris (1975, DK; 1995, K, as Trichothelium cestrense; 2004, as Trichothelium); McCarthy (1993b, as Porina pulla); Critchton (1994, as Porina pulla); Ladd et al. (1994); Wilson & Methven (1997); Aptroot (2002a, DK); Esslinger (2002, C, as Trichothelium cestrense and Porina salicina); Thomson (2003, C); Lendemer (2004, as Trichothelium cestrensis); Harris & Lendemer (2005, as Pseudosagedia); Tucker & Ryan (2006, C); Lendemer & Knapp (2007, as Pseudosagedia); Perlmutter & Lendemer (2008, as Pseudosagedia).
Porina chlorotera (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Flora 66: 331 (1883)
Verrucaria chlorotera Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér. 2, 2: 124 (1868)
NEW CALEDONIA: [Lifou*] Nylander (1868a, D, as Verrucaria); Müller (1883b); Hue (1892, C, as Verrucaria); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
Porina chloroterodes Vain., Hedwigia 38: 258 (1899)
GUADELOUPE*: Vainio (1899, D; 1915).
Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Revue Mycol. 6: 20 (1884) [Description]
Verrucaria chlorotica Ach., Lichenogr. Universalis: 283 (1810); Verrucaria margacea var. chlorotica (Ach.) Rabenh., Deutschl. Krypt.-Fl. 2: 10 (1845); Sagedia chlorotica (Ach.) A. Massal., Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 159 (1852); Pyrenula chlorotica (Ach.) Trevis., Spighe e Paglie: 18 (1853); Verrucaria macularis ß chlorotica (Ach.) Körb., Syst. Lich. Germ.: 364 (1855); Spermatodium maculare var. chloroticum (Ach.) Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 12 (1860); Segestria macularis var. chlorotica (Ach.) Zwackh, Flora 59: 549 (1862); Sagedia macularis var. chlorotica (Ach.) Körb., Parerga Lichenol.: 354 (1863); Segestrella chlorotica (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Bot. Tidsskr. 3: 258 (1869); Segestria chlorotica (Ach.) Hellb., Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., n.s., 9(11): 85 (1870); Arthopyrenia chlorotica (Ach.) H. Olivier, Fl. Lich. Orne 2: 267 (1884); Sagedia persicina var. chlorotica (Ach.) Jatta, Syll. Lich. Ital. 548 (1900); Pseudosagedia chlorotica (Ach.) Hafellner & Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57: 172 (1995); Trichothelium chloroticum (Ach.) R. C. Harris, More Florida Lichens: 179 (1995)
Verrucaria macularis Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. 3: 301 (1831); Sagedia macularis (Wallr.) Körb., Syst. Lich. Germ.: 354 (1855); Spermatodium maculare (Wallr.)Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 12 (1860); Segestria chlorotica var. macularis (Wallr.) Zahlbr., Wissensch. Mitt. Bosnien Herzegov. 3: 612 (1895); Porina macularis (Wallr.) Lettau, Hedwigia 52: 104 (1912)
?Verrucaria virens Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. 3: 306 (1831)
Verrucaria trachona Borrer, in Hooker & Sowerby, English Bot., Suppl.1: t. 2647 (1831); Arthopyrenia macularis var. trachona (Borrer) Mudd, Man. Brit. Lich.: 300 (1861); Verrucaria chlorotica f. trachona (Borrer) Leight., Lich.-Fl. Great Brit.: 444 (1871); Verrucaria macularis var. trachona (Borrer) Lindsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 292 (1872)
Verrucaria codonoidea Leight., Brit. Sp. Angiocarp. Lich.: 53 (1851); Spermatodium codonoideum (Leight.) Trevis., Conspect. Verruc.: 12 (1860); Sagedia codonoidea (Leight.) Arnold, Flora 44: 538 (1861); Arthopyrenia macularis var. codonoidea (Leight.) Mudd, Man. Brit. Lich.: 301 (1861); Verrucaria chlorotica var. codonoidea (Leight.) Leight., Lich.-Fl. Great Brit.: 445 (1871); Sagedia chlorotica f. codonoidea (Leight.) Arnold, Flora 68: 145 (1885); Porina chlorotica var. codonoidea (Leight.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 375 (1922)
Verrucaria perminuta Deak., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 13: 35 (1854)
Sagedia macularis var. suaveolens Anzi, Cat. Lich. Sondr.: 107 (1860); Verrucaria suaveolens (Anzi) Nyl., in Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 30: 445 (1883); Arthopyrenia chlorotica var. suaveolens (Anzi) Boistel, Nouv. Fl. Lich. 2: 277 (1903); Porina chlorotica var. suaveolens (Anzi) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 376 (1922)
Verrucaria macularis var. nigrescentia Grognot, Pl. Crypt. Cell.: 88 (1863); Porina chlorotica var. nigrescentia (Grognot) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 376 (1922)
Verrucaria subintegra Nyl., Flora 48: 212 (1865); Verrucaria chlorotica f. subintegra (Nyl.) Leight., Lich.-Fl. Great Brit.: 444 (1871); Arthopyrenia carpinea var. subintegra (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Expos. Lich. Ouest France 2: 251 (1902); Arthopyrenia chlorotica var. subintegra (Nyl.) Boistel, Nouv. Fl. Lich. 2: 277 (1903); Porina chlorotica f. subintegra (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 375 (1922)
?Verrucaria macularis var. major Garov., Tent. Disp. Lich. Langob.: 106 (1865); ?Porina chlorotica var. major (Garov.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 376 (1922)
Sagedia macularis f. tenuior Arnold, Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 25: 446 (1875); Porina chlorotica f. tenuior (Arnold) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 375 (1922)
Verrucaria maculosa Nyl., Flora 60: 230 (1877); Arthopyrenia maculosa (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Expos. Lich. Ouest France 2: 253 (1902); Porina maculosa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 392 (1922)
Verrucaria chlorotella Nyl., Flora 60: 482 (1877); Sagedia chlorotella (Nyl.) Arnold, Flora 65: 143 (1882); Arthopyrenia chlorotica var. chlorotella (Nyl.) Boistel, Nouv. Fl. Lich. 2: 277 (1903); Porina chlorotella (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 371 (1922)
Verrucaria viridatula Nyl., in Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 25: 499 (1878); Sagedia viridatula (Nyl.) Arnold, Flora 65: 143 (1882); Arthopyrenia chlorotica var. viridatula (Nyl.) Boistel, Nouv. Fl. Lich. 2: 277 (1903); Porina viridatula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 409 (1922)
Sagedia athallina Bagl. & Carestia, Atti Soc. Crittog. Ital. 2: 329 (1881); Verrucaria athallina (Bagl. & Carestia) Stizenb., Jahresber. St. Gallisch. Naturw. Ges. 1880–1881: 503 (1882); Porina athallina (Bagl. & Carestia) Lettau, Hedwigia 52: 105 (1912)
Verrucaria chlorotica f. saxicola Harm., Bull. Soc. Sci. Nancy, sér. 2,34: 86 (1900); Porina chlorotica f. saxicola (Harm.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 375 (1922)
?Porina chlorotica subsp. werthii Zahlbr., Deutsche Südpolar-Exped. 8: 32 (1906); Porina werthii (Zahlbr.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 410 (1922)
Porina fernandeziana Zahlbr., in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernández 2: 320 (1924)
Porina chlorotica f. fluviatilis Erichsen, Schrift. Naturw. Ver. Schleswig-Holstein 20: 342 (1934)
?Porina chlorotica var. macra Erichsen, Ann. Mycol. 40: 170 (1942)
ALGERIA: Swinscow (1962).
ANTARCTICA: [King George Island] Andreev (2006, C, as Pseudosagedia).
AUSTRALIA: [New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria] McCarthy (1993b, DK, 2001a, DKM, 2008c).
AUSTRIA: Keissler (1938, DIK); Hafellner & Türk (2001, C, as Pseudosagedia).
AZORES: Hafellner (1995, C, as Pseudosagedia); Berger & Aptroot (2002); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
BELGIUM: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA: Kušan (1953, C).
BULGARIA: Szatala (1930).
CANADA: [British Columbia, Newfoundland] Swinscow (1962); Harris (1975, as Porina aff. chlorotica); Noble et al. (1987, C).
CANARY ISLANDS: Hafellner (1995, C, as Pseudosagedia); McCarthy & Etayo (2002); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
CHINA: [Hong Kong] Aptroot & Seaward (1999, C).
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
CROATIA: Kušan (1953, C).
CZECH REPUBLIC: Vĕzda & Liška (1999, C).
DENMARK: Søchting & Alstrup (2002, C).
ESTONIA: Randlane et al. (2003, C).
FINLAND: Vainio (1921b, D); Vitikainen et al. (1997, C).
FRANCE: Keissler (1938, DIK); Coppins (1971); Bricaud et al. (1992).
FRENCH POLYNESIA: [Marquesas Is. (Nuku Hiva)] Nylander (1859, as Verrucaria); Hue (1892, C, as Verrucaria); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
GERMANY*: Keissler (1938, DIK); Wirth (2002, C).
GREAT BRITAIN: Swinscow (1962, DIK); Purvis & James (1992, DK).
GREENLAND: Alstrup (1986).
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: [Maui] Magnusson (1956, “cf.”); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C, “cf.”).
HUNGARY: Szatala (1927a); Verseghy (1994).
ICELAND: Kristinsson & Heidmarsson (2006, C).
IRELAND: Swinscow (1962, DIK); Purvis & James (1992, DK); Seaward (1994, C).
ITALY: Nimis & Martellos (2008, CIM).
JAPAN: Nylander (1890a, as Verrucaria); Hue (1892, C, as Verrucaria).
JUAN FERNÁNDEZ ISLANDS: [Robinson Crusoe] Zahlbruckner (1924, D, as P. fernandeziana); McCarthy (1993b, D); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
KERGUELEN ISLANDS: Tuckerman (1875, as Sagedia); Zahlbruckner (1906, D, as Porina chlorotica subsp. werthii).
LITHUANIA: Motiejunaite (1999, C).
LORD HOWE ISLAND: McCarthy (1996a); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
LUXEMBOURG: Diederich & Sérusiaux (2000, C).
MACQUARIE ISLAND: McCarthy (1993b, DK).
MADEIRA: Hafellner (1995, C, as Pseudosagedia); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
MAURITIUS: [Rodrigues I.] Stizenberger (1891).
MEXICO: [Chihuahua, Sinaloa] Ryan et al. (2000, as Trichothelium); Aptroot (2002, DK).
MOROCCO: Egea (1996, C).
NETHERLANDS: Aptroot et al. (2004, C).
NEW ZEALAND: [Otago, Wellington] McCarthy (1993b, DK); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, DK).
NORWAY: Santesson (1993, C).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Madang] Aptroot (1998).
PERU: Nylander (1859, as Verrucaria); Hue (1892, C, as Verrucaria).
POLAND: Nowak & Tobolewski (1975, DIK); Faltynowicz (1993, C).
PORTUGAL: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C).
ROMANIA: Ciurchea (2004, C).
RUSSIA: [Karelia, Irkutskaya Oblast’, Kaliningrad, Kamchatskaya Oblast’, Krasnoyarskiy Kray, Magadanskaya Oblast’] Nylander (1887, as Verrucaria); Hue (1892, C, as Verrucaria); Kopachevskaya et al. (1977); Andreev et al. (1996, C, as Pseudosagedia); Andreev (2002).
SAINT-PIERRE ET MIQUELON: Le Gallo (1952).
SLOVAKIA: Pišút et al. (1996, C, as Pseudosagedia).
SLOVENIA: Suppan et al. (2000, C).
SOUTH AFRICA: [Transvaal] McCarthy (1993b, DK).
SPAIN: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C).
SWEDEN: Keissler (1938, DIK); Santesson (1993, C).
SWITZERLAND: Keissler (1938, DIK).
TURKEY: Steiner (1899, as Verrucaria).
UKRAINE: Kondratyuk et al. (1998, C, as Pseudosagedia).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: [Alaska, California, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania] Nylander (1887, as Verrucaria); Fink (1935, DK); Degelius (1937); Harris (1975, K; 1995, K, as Trichothelium; 2004, as Trichothelium); Aptroot (2002a, DKM); Harris & Lendemer (2005, as Pseudosagedia); Tucker & Ryan (2006, C).
Note: This species was reported in error from Brazil by Vainio (1890).
Porina chlorotica f. tenuifera (Nyl.) Swinscow, Lichenologist 2: 23 (1962)
Verrucaria tenuifera Nyl., Flora 59: 237 (1876); Sagedia tenuifera (Nyl.) Arnold, Flora 65: 143 (1882); Porina tenuifera (Nyl.) A. L. Sm., Monogr. Brit. Lich. 2: 336 (1911)
Verrucaria pertenuis Leight., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, 1: 239 (1878)
GREAT BRITAIN*: Swinscow (1962, D); Purvis & James (1992, DK).
IRELAND: Swinscow (1962, D); Purvis & James (1992, DK); Seaward (1994, C).
Porina chloroticula P. M. McCarthy, Muelleria 8: 265 (1995) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Northern Territory, Queensland*] McCarthy (1995a, DI; 2001a, DIKM).
Porina chrysophora (Stirt.) R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 222 (1952)
Verrucaria chrysophora Stirt., Proc. Philos. Soc. Glasgow 10: 303 (1877); Phylloporina chrysophora (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2, App. 1: 92 (1894)
NEW ZEALAND: [Wellington*] Stirton (1877b, D, as Verrucaria); Müller (1894b, as Phylloporina); Hellbom (1896, C, as Phylloporina); Santesson (1952, DK); Galloway (1985, DK); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, K).
?TAIWAN: Aptroot (2003); Aptroot et al. (2003).
VIETNAM: Aptroot & Sparrius (2006, C).
Note: According to R. Lücking (in litt., 2002), reports of P. chrysophora from Australia, India, Japan, New Caledonia and Vietnam are referable to P. kamerunensis, while P. chrysophora sensu stricto is endemic to New Zealand. It is likely that the Taiwanese specimen (Aptroot 2003; Aptroot et al. 2003) was similarly misidentified.
Porina cinereonigrescens (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2, App. 1: 91 (1894)
Verrucaria cinereonigrescens Stirt., Proc. Philos. Soc. Glasgow 10: 303 (1877); Segestria cinereonigrescens (Stirt.) Hellb., Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 21(13): 132 (1896)
NEW ZEALAND*: Stirton (1877b, D, as Verrucaria); Müller (1894b); Hellbom (1896, C, as Segestria); Galloway (2007, DK).
Porina cinerosula (Bagl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 376 (1922)
Sagedia cinerea Bagl., Malpighia 6: 212 (1892), nom. illeg., non Trevisan (1860); Verrucaria cinerosula Stizenb., Ber. Tätigk. St. Gallisch. Naturw. Ges. 1893–94: 260 (1895)
ETHIOPIA*: Baglietto (1892, D, as Sagedia cinerea); Stizenberger (1895, as Verrucaria).
Porina coarctata P. M. McCarthy & Harada, in McCarthy, Biblioth. Lichenol. 87: 32 (2003) [ALSO] [Description]
Porina aggregata P. M. McCarthy & Harada, in Harada & McCarthy, Nat. Hist. Res. 4(2): 70 (1997), nom. illeg., non Acharius (Syn. Meth. Lich.: 102, 1814)
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS: [Agrihan*] Harada & McCarthy (1997, DIK, as Porina aggregata); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C, as Porina aggregata); McCarthy (2003c).
Porina colchica Vĕzda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 18: 53 (1983)
GEORGIA*: Vĕzda (1983, DI).
Porina colombiana H. Magn., Ark. Bot., ser. 2, 3: 237 (‘1955’) [1956]
COLOMBIA: [Cundinamarca*] Magnusson (1956, D).
Porina confraga (Kremp.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 377 (1922)
Verrucaria confraga Kremp., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 7(1): 50 (1875)
MALAYSIA*: Krempelhuber (1875, D, as Verrucaria).
Porina conica R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 232 (1952) [Description]
Phylloporina conica (R. Sant.) Szatala, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungar., n.s. 7: 22 (1956)
AUSTRALIA: [New South Wales, Queensland] Santesson (1952, DIK); Santesson & Tibell (1988); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking et al. (2001, C); McCarthy (2001a, DIKM).
CHINA: [Yunnan] Aptroot et al. (2003).
INDIA: [Andaman Is., Nicobar Is.] Singh (1970, DI); Awasthi (1991, K).
INDONESIA: [Ambon, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra*] Santesson (1952, DIK); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
IVORY COAST: Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking et al. (1998a).
MALAYSIA: [Malacca, Sabah, Sarawak] Santesson (1952, DIK); Sérusiaux (1976); Sipman (1993); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
NEW CALEDONIA: [Grande Terre] Lücking & Kalb (2001, C).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Bougainville, East Sepik, Morobe, Madang, New Britain] Santesson (1952, DIK); Szatala (1956, K, as Phylloporina); Streimann (1986, C); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
PHILIPPINES: [Luzon, Mindanao] Santesson (1952, DIK); Gruezo (1979, C).
SEYCHELLES: Seaward & Aptroot (2003, C).
SOLOMON ISLANDS: [Guadalcanal, Kolombangara, San Cristobal] McCarthy (2003b).
SRI LANKA: Vĕzda et al. (1997).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Ratchasima] Boonpragob et al. (1998); Wolseley et al. (2002, C).
VANUATU: [Espíritu Santo] Lücking (2000a); Lücking et al. (2001).
VIETNAM: Vĕzda (1977); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
Porina conspersa Malme, Ark. Bot. 23A(1): 16 (1929)
BRAZIL: [Mato Grosso*, Pernambuco, São Paulo] Malme (1929, DK); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Cáceres et al. (2000, C); Lücking & Kalb (2000); Marcelli (2002, C).
COSTA RICA: [Heredía, Puntarenas, San José] Lücking (1999a; 1999c); Breuss (2006).
ECUADOR: [Napo] Lücking (1999b).
IVORY COAST: Becker & Lücking (1995, as P. distans); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Lücking et al. (1998a).
MEXICO: Herrera-Campos et al. (2004b, C).
SEYCHELLES: Seaward & Aptroot (2003, C).
Porina constrictospora P. M. McCarthy & Kantvilas, Lichenologist 25: 138 (1993) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [New South Wales, Tasmania*] McCarthy & Kantvilas (1993, DIK); McCarthy (1993b; 2001a, DKM).
NEW ZEALAND: [Nelson] Malcolm & McCarthy (1997); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, DK).
Porina coralloidea P. James, Lichenologist 5: 142 (1971)
Zamenhofia coralloidea (P. James) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest, n.s., numéro spécial 7: 824 (1985)
Porina stoechadiana F. Rose & Cl. Roux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille 42: 73 (1982); Zamenhofia stoechadiana (F. Rose & Cl. Roux) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest, n.s., numéro spécial 7: 830 (1985)
AZORES: James & Purvis (1992); Hafellner (1995, C, as Zamenhofia); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
CANARY ISLANDS: Topham & Walker (1982); Hafellner (1995, C, as Zamenhofia); Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
CHINA: [Hong Kong] Aptroot & Seaward (1999, C).
FRANCE: James (1971, DI); Rose & Roux (1982, DI, as Porina stoechadiana); Clauzade & Roux (1985, IK, as Zamenhofia coralloidea and Z. stoechadiana); Sérusiaux (1991).
GREAT BRITAIN*: James (1971, DI); James & Purvis (1992, DK, as Zamenhofia).
IRELAND: James & Purvis (1992, DK, as Zamenhofia); Seaward (1994, C, as Zamenhofia).
ITALY: Hafellner & Kalb (1995, as Zamenhofia); Nimis & Martellos (2008, CIM)..
SPAIN: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C, as Zamenhofia).
Note: This taxon was reported from Victoria, Australia (as Zamenhofia coralloidea) by Hafellner et al. (1989). However, specimens could not be located, and this species has been excluded from the Australian flora (McCARTHY 2001a).
Porina corrugata Müll. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 1: 63 (1893) [Description]
Porina wilsoniana Müll. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 1: 63 (1893)
Porina balanina Brusse, Bothalia 16: 62 (1986)
AUSTRALIA: [Tasmania, Victoria*, Western Australia] Müller (1893d, D, and as Porina wilsoniana); McCarthy (1993b, DIKM; 2001a, DIKM).
NEW ZEALAND: [Marlborough] McCarthy (1993b, DIKM); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, DK).
SOUTH AFRICA: [Cape] Brusse (1986, DI, as Porina balanina); McCarthy (1993b, DIKM).
Porina corruscans (Rehm) R. Sant., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 223 (1952) [Description]
Micropeltis vagabunda var. calamicola Rehm, Philipp. J. Sci., Sect. C, Bot., 8: 394 (1913); Metasphaeria corruscans Rehm, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2949 (1916); Phylloporina corruscans (Rehm) Szatala, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungar., n.s. 7: 21 (1956); Pseudosagedia corruscans (Rehm) Hafellner & Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57: 172 (1995)
Phylloporina nitidula f. validior Zahlbr., Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 81: 234 (1907)
?Micropeltis bambusina Höhnel, Sitzungsber. Math.-Nat. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 118: 322 (1909); Phylloporina bambusina (Höhnel) Zahlbr. ex Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 19(15): 6 (1923)
Porina blumeana Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 19(15): 4 (1923); Phylloporina blumeana (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 136 (1931)
Porina arengae Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 19(15): 6 (1923); Phylloporina arengae (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 136 (1931)
Porina sapotae Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 19(15): 6 (1923); Phylloporina sapotae (Vain.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 139 (1931)
Porina mangiferae Vain., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 12: 14 (1924)
Phylloporina nitidula Zahlbr., Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 81: 233 (1907), nom. illeg., non Müller (1890)
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland] Sipman (1991); Lücking et al. (2001, C); McCarthy (2001a, DKM)
CHINA: [Hong Kong] Aptroot & Sipman (2001).
FRENCH POLYNESIA: [Society Is. (Tahiti)] Vainio (1924, D, as Porina mangiferae); Santesson (1952, DK); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Smith et al. (1997); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
INDONESIA: [Java] Santesson (1952, DK).
NEPAL: Vĕzda & Poelt (1988); Awasthi (1991, K).
NEW CALEDONIA: [Grande Terre] Lücking & Kalb (2001, C).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Morobe] Santesson (1952, DK); Szatala (1956, K, as Phylloporina); Streimann (1986, C, as Phylloporina).
PHILIPPINES: [Luzon*, Negros] Rehm (1913, D (not seen), as Micropeltis vagabunda var. calamicola); Vainio (1923b, as Phylloporina arengae, Porina blumeana and P. sapotae); Santesson (1952, DK); Sérusiaux (1976); Gruezo (1979, C).
SEYCHELLES: Vĕzda (2000, 2004).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Ratchasima] Boonpragob et al. (1998); Wolseley et al. (2002, C).
VIETNAM: Aptroot & Sparrius (2006, C).
WESTERN SAMOA: [Upolu] Zahlbruckner (1907, as Phylloporina nitidula f. validior); Santesson (1952, DK); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
Porina crassa P. M. McCarthy, Biblioth. Lichenol. 52: 41 (1993) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland*] McCarthy (1993b, DIK; 2001a, DIKM).
SOLOMON ISLANDS: [Santa Isabel] McCarthy (2002).
Trichothelium [Porina] crocynioides R. C. Harris, More Florida Lichens: 179 (1995)
Pseudosagedia crocynioides (R. C. Harris) R. C. Harris, Opusc. Philolich. 2: 15 (2005)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: [Florida*] Harris (1995, DK).
Porina cryptostoma Malme, Ark. Bot. 23A(1): 21 (1929)
BRAZIL: [Mato Grosso*] Malme (1929, DK); Marcelli (2002, C).
Porina cubana Vĕzda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 19: 186 (1984)
BOLIVIA: [La Paz] Ferraro (2002).
BRAZIL: [Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo] Cáceres et al. (2000, C); Lücking & Kalb (2000).
COSTA RICA: Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C).
CUBA: [Santiago de Cuba*] Vĕzda (1984, DI).
Porina cupreola (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill., Hedwigia 67: 274 (1927) var. cupreola
Phylloporina cupreola Müll. Arg., Hedwigia 30: 189 (1891)
CHINA: [Yunnan] Aptroot et al. (2003).
INDIA: [Kerala, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu] Awasthi (1991, K); Singh & Sinha (1994, DK).
MALAYSIA: [Sabah] Sipman (1993).
TANZANIA: [Kilamanjaro] Vězda (1975).
THAILAND: [Nakhon Ratchasima] Papong et al. (2007).
VIETNAM*: Müller (1891c, as Phylloporina); Santesson (1952, DK).
Porina cupreola var. nipponica G. Thor, Lücking & Tat. Matsumoto, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 32(3): 50 (2000)
JAPAN: [Okinawa*] Thor et al. (2000, DIK).
Porina curnowii A. L. Sm., J. Bot. 49: 44 (1911)
Porina guentheri var. curnowii (A. L. Sm.) Swinscow, Lichenologist 2: 32 (1962); Pseudosagedia curnowii (A. L. Sm.) Hafellner & Kalb, Biblioth. Lichenol. 57: 172 (1995)
AZORES: Sérusiaux et al. (2007, K).
FRANCE: Coppins (1971).
GREAT BRITAIN*: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina guentheri var. curnowii); Purvis & James (1992, DK).
IRELAND: Swinscow (1962, DIK, as Porina guentheri var. curnowii); Purvis & James (1992, DK); Seaward (1994, C).
SPAIN: Llimona & Hladun (2001, C).
Porina decamera Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15(6): 359 (1921)
INDIA: [Karnataka, Kerala] Makhija et al. (1994, DIK).
PHILIPPINES: [Luzon*] Vainio (1921a, D); Gruezo (1979, C).
Porina decrescens P. M. McCarthy & Kantvilas, Lichenologist 25: 140 (1993) [Description]
AUSTRALIA: [Tasmania*, Victoria] McCarthy & Kantvilas (1993, DIK); McCarthy (2001a, DKM).
NEW ZEALAND: [Canterbury, Nelson] Malcolm & McCarthy (1997); Malcolm & Galloway (1997, C); Galloway (2007, DK).
Porina deminuta P. M. McCarthy, Lichenologist 32: 21 (2000) [Description]
CHRISTMAS ISLAND: McCarthy (2001b).
COOK ISLANDS: [Rarotonga*] McCarthy (2000c, DI).
Porina depressula Müll. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 399 (1885)
CUBA*: Müller (1885a, D); Plunkte (1984, C).
GUADELOUPE: Müller (1885a, D).
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: [Kaui] Magnusson (1956, DK); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
NEW CALEDONIA: [Lifou] Nylander (1868a, as Verrucula nucula); Elix & McCarthy (1998, C).
Porina deremensis F. Schill., Hedwigia 67: 289 (1927)
Phylloporina deremensis (F. Schill.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 8: 136 (1931)
Porina aspera Vĕzda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 10: 391 (1975), nom. illeg., non Räsänen (1940)
KENYA: [Coast] Lücking & Kalb (2002, as Porina aspera).
TANZANIA*: [Morogoro] Schilling (1927, D); Vĕzda (1975, DI, as Porina aspera); Lücking (2004, K).
COSTA RICA: [Heredía] Lücking (1999c, as “aff. aspera”); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C, as Porina aspera).
Porina desquamescens Fée, Essai Crypt. Écorc., Suppl.: 76 (1837)
Pertusaria desquamescens (Fée) Mont., in Sagra, Hist. Île Cuba, Bot.: 157 (1838–42); Verrucaria desquamescens (Fée) Nyl., Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire 4: 39 (1858); Segestria desquamescens (Fée) Hellb., Bih Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 21(13): 132 (1896)
ANGOLA: [Malanje] Müller (1880); Vainio (1901, D).
BRAZIL: [Amazonas, Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo] Vainio (1890); Zahlbruckner (1909); Malme (1929, DK); Makhija et al. (1994, DIK); Hafellner & Kalb (1995); Marcelli (2002, C).
CUBA*: Fée (1837, D); Plunkte (1984, C).
?NEW ZEALAND: Stirton (1877b, as Verrucaria); Müller (1894b); Hellbom (1896, C, as Segestria).
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Madang] Aptroot et al. (1997).
PERU: Nylander (1859, as Verrucaria).
SRI LANKA: Müller (1888a); Awasthi (1991, K); Makhija et al. (1994, DIK); Breuss & Brunnbauer (1997).
Note: The New Zealand record is doubtful, and this species has not been included in the most recent Flora (Galloway 2007).
Porina diaphana Vĕzda, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 26: 27 (1977)
COSTA RICA: [San José] Lücking (1999a).
VIETNAM: Vĕzda (1977, DI).
Porina diffluens Malcolm & Vĕzda, in Vĕzda, Lich. Rar. Exsicc. 41: [401] (1999)
NEW ZEALAND: [Westland*] Vĕzda (1999b, DI); Galloway (2007, DK).
Porina dipterocarpi Aptroot, in Aptroot et al., Biblioth. Lichenol. 64: 143 (1997)
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: [Madang*] Aptroot et al. (1997: DI)
Porina diplotypa Vain., Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., ser. A, 15(6): 356 (1921)
PHILIPPINES: [Mindanao*] Vainio (1921a, D); Gruezo (1979, C).
Porina distans Vĕzda & Vivant, in Vězda, Nova Hedwigia 58: 136 (1994) [Description]
ARGENTINA: [Corrientes] Ferraro (1997); Calvelo & Liberatore (2002, C).
AUSTRALIA: [Queensland] McCarthy (2001a, DKM).
BRAZIL: [Espirito Santo, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina, São Paulo] Vĕzda (1994a, DI); Cáceres et al (2000, C); Lücking & Kalb (2000, “cf.”); Marcelli (2002, C).
COSTA RICA: [Alajuela, Limón, Puntarenas] Lücking (1995a); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK); Umaña Tenorio et al. (2002, C); Breuss (2006).
CUBA: [Santiago de Cuba] Vĕzda (1994a, DI).
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: [Haut-Zaïre] Vĕzda (1994a, DI).
ECUADOR: [Napo] Lücking (1999b).
FRENCH GUIANA: Lücking (2006).
GUADELOUPE*: Vězda & Vivant (1992, nom. inval.); Vĕzda (1994a, DI); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
GUYANA: Sipman (1997b); Lücking (1998a); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
IVORY COAST: Vĕzda (1994a, DI); Becker & Lücking (1995); Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
MALAYSIA: [Selangor] Lücking & Vĕzda (1998, DIK).
MEXICO: Herrera-Campos et al. (2004b, C).
PARAGUAY: Ferraro (1997).
THAILAND: [Chiang Mai] Aptroot et al. (2007).
VIETNAM: Aptroot & Sparrius (2006, C).
Porina distermina (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univ. 1: 378 (1922)